Introduction: Maxillofacial injuries are one of the most common injuries seen in trauma patients. Road traffic accidents (RTA) are the most common cause of maxillofacial injuries all over the world. RTA are supposed to decrease due to lockdown which has become a usual phenomenon during the COVID- 19 pandemic. Changes in the etiology of maxillofacial injuries are supposed to dictate their pattern as well. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the pattern of maxillofacial injuries during the COVID-19 Pandemic at Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients attending Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital for the treatment of maxillofacial injuries from 1 May to 31 July 2020. Consecutive sampling was used to collect data from 52 study participants. Results: A total of 52 patients with maxillofacial injuries were studied. The age of patients ranged from 1 year to 73 years with a median age of 26 years. There were 69.2% (n=36) males with a male to female ratio of 2.25:1. The most common etiology was Road Traffic Accidents (50%, n=26). Laceration (70.7%, n=29) was the most common soft tissue injury. Parasymphysis fracture (23.8%, n=5) was the most common site of mandible fracture. The most common midface fracture was the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fracture (40.9%, n=9). Conclusion: RTA still remains the most common etiology of maxillofacial injuries in spite of COVID-19 and the pattern of maxillofacial injuries has not changed much either.

Background: The cephalometric norms derived from Caucasian population shows a great degree of variation when applied to different population. Objectives: The present research was performed with the objective of determining cephalometric norms of Brahmins of Nepal based on Jarabak’s analysis, to evaluate the variability between male and female and to compare the cephalometric norms with Caucasians. Methodology: Lateral cephalogram of 108 non-growing patients which consisted of 63 females and 45 males ofNepalese Brahmins who met our inclusion criteria were traced manually. Thirteen craniofacial parameters of Jarabak’s analysis were measured. Results: The comparison between Brahmin populations of Nepal with the Caucasian population showed statistically significant difference in ten out of thirteen parameters. The comparison between Nepalese male Brahmins and female Brahmins showed that there were statistically significant differences in eleven out of thirteen parameters. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there exists sexual and ethnic dimorphism in craniofacial features. The findings of the study highlight the fact that Brahmin population is significantly different from Caucasian population. Females presented with smaller craniofacial variable than male when gender comparison was performed among Nepalese Brahmins male and female. This research has helped to generate knowledge and understanding of craniofacial features of Nepalese Brahmins and derived norms for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.

Invasive fungal pathogens cause significant morbidity and mortality, with over 1.5 million deaths annually. Because fungi are eukaryotes that share much of their cellular machinery with the host, our armamentarium of antifungal drugs is highly limited, with only three classes of antifungal drugs available.

Introduction: School mental health is one of the important areas where early detection can lead to appropriate early intervention and burden of disease can be minimized. There is dearth of prevalence studies of common mental disorders on school going adolescents in Nepal. Considering this we aimed to study the prevalence of common mental health problems and substance use in school going adolescents. Material And Method: We evaluated 240 students for common mental disorders (depression and anxiety) using translated version of PHQ-4 and substance use single validated question after taking consent from school authorities and assent from students. Results: It was seen that 68.8 % students had psychological distress. 22.9 % and 27.5% of students had anxiety and depression respectively on screener and 23.3% students had use of substance at least once within a year. When compared male had significantly higher number of substance use as compared to female but no difference in PHQ-4 scores were seen when compared between gender and history of substance use. Conclusion: The study shows the current scenario of school going adolescents in Nepal and highlights the need of prevalence data on more generalizable setting.

Introduction: Stress in the workplace is a well-known phenomenon. With the current COVID-19 pandemic and the measures to counteract it has led to a psychological toll on employees of almost all sectors. We aim at exploring the self-perceived stress, screen for anxiety, and depression, and sleep problems among the employees of a corporate business house. Material And Method: An online survey using a cross-sectional design and purposive sampling was conducted during the lock-down due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal among the employees of a corporate house before conducting a stress management session. The tools used were semi-structured proforma and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ4), and Single-item sleep quality scale (SQS). A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results: The majority of the respondents were male (64.9%), unmarried (78.9%), and lived with their family (92.8%). A moderate level of stress was present among 86.0% and a high level of stress among 5.2% of respondents. 24.6% and 33.3% of individuals were screened positive for anxiety and depression respectively. 17.5% of the individuals had poor sleep and 15.8% perceived their work efficiency was decreased. Conclusion: The stress and psychological problems reported by the respondents strongly suggest a need for regular stress management programs. Further studies are warranted with a larger sample size and from different sectors to look at the real impact of COVID-19 on the employees.