Objectives
To identify antenatal risk factors that may predict the need for insulin treatment upon diagnosis of gestational diabetes (GDM), that is, to identify the specific characteristics of women diagnosed with GDM who did not achieve good glycemic control through lifestyle modifications.
Methods
We performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Science Direct, Ebsco, and Scielo for studies evaluating the associations between antenatal factors and the need for insulin treatment published until January 28th, 2021. Random-effects models were used to estimate risk ratios and their 95% confidence interval. The quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random-effects models were used to estimate outcomes, and effects reported as risk ratio and their 95% confidence interval. The systematic review and meta-analysis were registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews.
Results
Eighteen observational studies were selected, reporting 14,951 women with GDM of whom 5,371 received insulin treatment. There were statistically significant associations between the need for insulin treatment and BMI ≥ 30 (RR:2.2; 95%CI: 1.44–3.41), family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (RR:1.74; 95%CI: 1.56–1.93), prior personal history of GDM (RR:2.10; 95%CI: 1.56–2.82), glycated hemoglobin value at GDM diagnosis (RR:2.12; 95%CI: 1.77–2.54), and basal glycemia obtained in the diagnostic curve (RR: 1.2; 95%CI: 1.12–1.28). Nulliparity and maternal age were not determinants factor. There was moderate-to-high heterogeneity among the included studies.
Conclusions
the strong causal association between BMI ≥ 30, family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, prior history of GDM and glycosylated hemoglobin with the need for insulin treatment was revealed.
Objetivo: Establecer el efecto de la fecundación in vitro en la frecuencia de complicaciones maternoneonatales en gestantes con edad mayor o igual de 40 años. Métodos: Casos y controles anidados en cohorte, con recogida de datos retrospectiva y seguimiento prospectivo. Cohorte total de 207 gestantes. Casos o subcohorte con fecundación in vitro y grupo control con gestación espontánea. Se realizaron pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas para determinar la asociación potencial entre las variables. Resultados: Las mujeres que lograron su gestación mediante fecundación in vitro tuvieron una edad media mayor (p = 0,03). En los casos fue más frecuente la primiparidad (44,4 % vs. 22,2 %, p = 0,02), la tasa de diabetes gestacional RR = 2,83 (IC95 %: 1,19-6,77; p = 0,023) y la tasa de cesáreas (p = 0,05). En las gestaciones espontáneas se observó mayor frecuencia de inicio de trabajo de parto espontáneo (56,86 % vs. 37,03 %, p = 0,019). No se encontraron diferencias en la prevalencia de diabetes pregestacional, estados hipertensivos del embarazo, prematuridad, restricción de crecimiento intrauterino, macrosomía fetal, test de Apgar, pH patológico, ingresos neonatales y hemorragia posparto. La tasa de mortalidad perinatal fue mayor en el grupo con gestación lograda mediante fecundación in vitro. Conclusión: La concepción por fecundación in vitro en una población gestante con edad materna avanzada confiere un riesgo añadido a la misma en los resultados adversos maternos y neonatales. Palabras clave: Embarazo; Edad materna; Morbilidad; Resultado del embarazo; Técnicas reproductivas; Fertilización in vitro.
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