Extrinsic compression of the left main coronary artery (LMC) by the pulmonary artery (PA) is a very unusual and poorly understood entity, usually associated with the presence of adult congenital heart disease. We identified 12 patients (age range, 6 months to 55 years) with LMC stenosis (> or = 50%) presumably secondary to compression by a dilated main PA and related to various forms of heart disease (11 congenital, 1 pulmonary hypertension). In all cases, the main PA was dilated with the main PA/aortic root diameter increased (mean, 2.0; normal value, < or = 1.0), and in all but two, PA pressures were increased (> 30 mm Hg systolic). Left coronary trunk stenosis was usually visualized in only one angiographic view (best seen in 45 degrees left anterior oblique, 30 degrees cranial projection). The LMC also appeared to be inferiorly displaced and in close contact with the left aortic sinus (mean angle between sinus and LMC was 23 degrees +/- 13 degrees, a control group was 70 degrees +/- 15 degrees ). In one patient, surgical correction of the dilated PA was associated with a reduction in LMC stenosis from 85% to < 50% and less inferior left main displacement (from 25 degrees to 50 degrees ). Patients with a dilated main PA may exhibit extrinsic LMC compression leading to significant eccentric narrowing and downward displacement of the LMC. In the presence of significant dilatation of the main PA from any etiology, functional and/or anatomic studies should be performed to exclude significant LM obstruction.
A melhoria significativa dos cuidados intensivos neonatais causou uma redução na mortalidade em necém-nascidos de risco e, portanto, um aumento de sua morbidade, o que realçou a importância da avaliação do desenvolvimento dessas crianças. Esta revisão de literatura foi desenhada para identificar os principais instrumentos indicados para avaliar o desenvolvimento dos pré-termos. As bases de dados utilizadas foram Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, manuais dos instrumentos e livros na área de Pediatria por apresentarem maiores detalhes sobre os instrumentos e não estabelecer limite de tempo, pois o objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar desde os instrumentos mais antigos até os publicados recentemente. Foram identificados 11 instrumentos de avaliação do desenvolvimento publicados desde 1947 a. O conhecimento dessas escalas e dos testes pode ajudar aos profissionais de saúde e pesquisadores que trabalham com o desenvolvimento de crianças prematuras, pois constituem uma ferramenta adicional durante o processo de avaliação. A escolha do instrumento de avaliação deve ser realizada em acordo com as necessidades de cada criança. Podendo ser utilizados para a triagem, diagnóstico, planejamento e acompanhamento do tratamento.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in the island of São Luis, State of Maranhão, Brazil. Despite an increase in the number of VL cases, the frequency of the disease is low among pregnant women. We present here the case of a pregnant woman followed up by our group, who was treated with amphotericin B with excellent outcome.
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