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Optical and thermal remote sensing data have been an important tool in geological exploration for certain deposit types. However, the present economic and technological advances demand the adaptation of the remote sensing data and image processing techniques to the exploration of other raw materials like lithium (Li). A bibliometric analysis, using a systematic review approach, was made to understand the recent interest in the application of remote sensing methods in Li exploration. A review of the application studies and developments in this field was also made. Throughout the paper, the addressed topics include: (i) achievements made in Li exploration using remote sensing methods; (ii) the main weaknesses of the approaches; (iii) how to overcome these difficulties; and (iv) the expected research perspectives. We expect that the number of studies concerning this topic will increase in the near future and that remote sensing will become an integrated and fundamental tool in Li exploration.

No abstract

The existence of diagnostic features in the visible and infrared regions makes it possible to use reflectance spectra not only to identify mineral assemblages but also for calibration and classification of satellite images, considering lithological and/or mineral mapping. For this purpose, a consistent spectral library with the target spectra of minerals and rocks is needed. Currently, there is big market pressure for raw materials including lithium (Li) that has driven new satellite image applications for Li exploration. However, there are no reference spectra for petalite (a Li mineral) in large, open spectral datasets. In this work, a spectral library was built exclusively dedicated to Li minerals and Li pegmatite exploration through satellite remote sensing. The database includes field and laboratory spectra collected in the Fregeneda–Almendra region (Spain–Portugal) from (i) distinct Li minerals (spodumene, petalite, lepidolite); (ii) several Li pegmatites and other outcropping lithologies to allow satellite-based lithological mapping; (iii) areas previously misclassified as Li pegmatites using machine learning algorithms to allow comparisons between these regions and the target areas. Ancillary data include (i) sample location and coordinates, (ii) sample conditions, (iii) sample color, (iv) type of face measured, (v) equipment used, and for the laboratory spectra, (vi) sample photographs, (vii) continuum removed spectra files, and (viii) statistics on the main absorption features automatically extracted. The potential future uses of this spectral library are reinforced by its major advantages: (i) data is provided in a universal file format; (ii) it allows users to compare field and laboratory spectra; (iii) a large number of complementary data allow the comparison of shape, asymmetry, and depth of the absorption features of the distinct Li minerals.

RESUMO Existe grande dificuldade em prever o comportamento hidraúlico dos aqüíferos fraturados devido à grande descontinuidade e heterogeneidade que caracteriza estes meios. Como conseqüência, não existe método amplamente aceito para realizar o seu mapeamento, seja com relação às suas potencialidades como vulnerabilidades. Assim, para atender ao objetivo principal do Mapa de Águas Subterrâneas do Estado de São Paulo, que foi o de cartografar e representar áreas com potencialidades hidrogeológicas distintas dentro de cada aqüífero estudado, foi necessário o desenvolvimento de um método que consistiu na avaliação da variação da capacidade específica de poços selecionados com relação aos seguintes fatores: conjuntos litológicos, espessura de manto inconsolidado, densidade e intersecção de lineamentos e blocos geológicos. Como resultado, foram individualizadas quatro classes de potencial hidrogeológico, sendo que três destas correspondem à subdivisão das rochas pré-cambrianas não carbonáticas, cujas medianas de capacidade específica são 0,04 m³/h/m, 0,08 m³/h/m (os diabásios eocretáceos estão englobados nesta classe) e 0,18 m³/h/m. Na classe mais produtiva foram agrupadas rochas pré-cambrianas carbonáticas e basaltos eocretáceos, com medianas de 0,62 e 1,25 m³/h/m, respectivamente. Os limites entre as regiões de rochas pré-cambrianas que apresentam produção distinta correspondem principalmente a importantes zonas de cisalhamento, que delimitam em parte terrenos com evolução geológica distinta, e secundariamente a descontinuidades francamente rúpteis. Palavras chave: aqüíferos fraturados, Estado de São Paulo, potencialidade de produção, rochas pré-cambrianas, basaltos eocretáceos ABSTRACT As a consequence of the dificulty in predicting the hydraulic behaviour of the fractured aquifers, due to their descontinuity and heterogeneity, there is not, up to this moment, any generally accepted method to map this type of media, in terms of both potenciality and vulnerability. In this way, in order to meet the main goal of the Hydrogeological Map of the State of São Paulo, namely, delimitate areas with different goundwater production potentiality, it was necessary to develop a method which consisted on the evaluation of the specific capacity variation of selected wells with regard to: lithologic groups, thickness of the non-consolidated materials (regolith, soil and sediments), density and intersection of lineaments, and geological blocks. As a result, four classes of hydrogeological potential were characterized, three of them corresponding to the subdivision of the non-carbonatic Precambrian rocks, whose specific capacity medians are 0,04 m³/h/m, 0,08 m³/h/m (the Eocretaceous diabases are encompassed by this class) and 0,18 m³/h/m. The most productive class encompasses carbonatic Precambrian rocks and Eocretaceous basalts, with medians of 0,62 and 1,25 m³/h/m, respectively. The boundaries between regions of pre-cambrian rocks with distinct production capacity correspond mainly to important shear zones, which partialy delimitat...