In June 2009, the first influenza pandemic of the twenty-first century, due to the swine origin influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus, was declared. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinical features, complications, lethality and risk factors for hospital admission of microbiologically confirmed cases of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection seen at the emergency department of a children's hospital. All cases of children with influenza A (H1N1) 2009 viral infection, confirmed microbiologically by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions and treated in the emergency room between July and December 2009, were prospectively included. Patients were compared according to admission requirement to study variables associated with the risk of hospitalisation. Oseltamivir was the antiviral used for the treatment and its safety was analysed. Four hundred and twelve patients with influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection were included. The most frequent symptoms were: fever (96%), cough (95%) and coryza (90%). Eighty-five patients (20.6%) were admitted: three to the paediatric intensive care unit and two died. Hospitalised children were younger than those not admitted (median age 5 vs 8 years; p = 0.001). Age under 1 year (OR 6.01; CI 95% 2.77-13.05), pneumonia (OR 7.99; CI 95% 3.50-18.22) and haemoglobinopathy or underlying blood disorders (OR 5.99; CI 95% 1.32-27.30) were statistically significant risk factors for admission. No differences were observed regarding onset of antiviral treatment among admitted and non-admitted patients. Treatment with oseltamivir was well tolerated. In conclusion, the incidence of severe cases and lethality of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection were low in our setting, even in a population with risk factors for developing complications.

Background: Between April and June 2016, an outbreak of rhombencephalitis (RE) caused by enterovirus (EV) A71 was detected in Catalonia, Spain—the first documented in Western Europe. The clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with this condition differed from those reported in outbreaks occurring in Southeast Asia. Methods: Observational, multicenter study analyzing characteristics, treatment and outcome of patients with EV-A71 rhombencephalitis diagnosed in 6 publicly funded hospitals within the Catalonian Health Institute. A review of clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of these patients was conducted. Results: Sixty-four patients met the clinical and virologic criteria for rhombencephalitis caused by EV-A71. All patients had symptoms suggesting viral disease, mainly fever, lethargy, ataxia and tremor, with 30% of hand-foot-mouth disease. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy was given to 44/64 (69%) patients and methylprednisolone to 27/64 (42%). Six patients (9%) required pediatric intensive care unit admission. Three patients had acute flaccid paralysis of 1 limb, and another had autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction with cardiorespiratory arrest. Outcome in all patients (except the patient with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy) was good, with complete resolution of the symptoms. Conclusions: During the 2016 outbreak, rhombencephalitis without ANS symptoms was the predominant form of presentation and most patients showed no hand-foot-mouth disease. These findings contrast with those of other patient series reporting associated ANS dysfunction (10%–15%) and hand-foot-mouth disease (60%–80%). Complete recovery occurred in almost all cases. In light of the favorable outcome in untreated mild cases, therapies for this condition should be reserved for patients with moderate-severe infection. The main relevance of this study is to provide useful information for setting priorities, management approaches and adequate use of resources in future EV-A71 associated rhombencephalitis outbreaks.

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