As Dr Sahu mentioned, comparative studies are scarce. Establishment of international registries will improve our understanding of COVID-19 in pregnancy. Meanwhile, we shall continue to support one another and work together in the fight against this pandemic.We would like to thank the all departments from the Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Infectious Diseases Department and all staff in KK Womens' and Children's Hospital for leading the COVID-19 fight locally.
Introduction Rapid dissemination of findings regarding the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its potential effects on pregnancy is crucial to support understanding and development of recommendations for optimization of obstetrics care. However, much of the current studies published are in the form of case reports or case series which can be prone to biases. Other factors also further complicate attempts to analyze data accurately. Hence, this evaluation hopes to highlight some of these problems and provide suggestions to help clinicians mitigate and make reasonable conclusions when reading the abundant yet limited body of evidence when furthering their research efforts. Methods Studies regarding COVID-19 and pregnancy were searched on databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, the Cochrane Library. Manual search of references of select articles were also undertaken. Apart from summarizing study limitations identified by authors, the characteristics of current literature and systematic reviews were also evaluated to identify potential factors affecting accuracy of subsequent analysis. Results Factors such as innate biasness in study design of current literature, duplicate reporting, differing inclusion criteria of systematic reviews, scarce data, inadequate follow-up period and limitations of systematic reviews have been shown to hinder the ability for accurate data extrapolation. Discussion Unless additional studies are conducted in identified areas of data scarcity and a common list of factors affecting accuracy of data analysis are taken into account when developing recommendations, discrepancies will continue to arise and accurate data analysis and valid systematic reviews will be precluded.
Tamoxifen is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator widely used in breast cancer treatment, with good survival rates. Its partial agonist action on other tissues such as the uterus, however, promotes the development of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. It appears that tamoxifen does not alter the age of menopause and women may still get pregnant while on tamoxifen. We present the case of a 47-year-old Chinese woman with breast cancer on tamoxifen, who presented with one episode of heavy per vaginal bleeding after 2 years of amenorrhoea. Her urine pregnancy test was negative and the ultrasound scan was suspicious for malignancy. She underwent a hysteroscopic evaluation for abnormal bleeding on tamoxifen. Histopathology confirmed products of conception. This case illustrates the importance of understanding the rise and decline of human chorionic gonadotropin in pregnancy, as well as the pivotal role of contraception despite having amenorrhoea on tamoxifen.
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