A conventional high-resolution screen-film system was compared with a digital detector system. A total of 20 birds (14 pigeons and six psittacine birds) with an average body mass of 533g were examined in dorsoventral as well as lateral projections. Digital radiographs were acquired with the same mAs as well as half the mAs used for the conventional radiographs. Three criteria and one overall assessment were defined for each of four anatomic regions and assessed by five veterinarians using a score system. Comparison of the ratings was done by visual grading analysis. For the majority of criteria, there was no significant difference regarding image quality between the digital and screen-film projections. However, for certain criteria the quality of the digital images was significantly superior. Using the same mAs as for the conventional radiographs, the humeral joint surfaces and the honeycomb structure of the lung were assessed as superior with the digital imaging system. The tracheal rings and the delineation of the trachea from the surrounding tissue were also superior with the digital system. Assessment of the trabecular structure of the humerus was superior when the full mAs was used compared with the reduced mAs. In conclusion the digital technique is equal or superior to the conventional screen-film high-resolution system for pet birds of a medium size. With some limitations, a dose reduction is possible with the digital system.
Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: Überprüfung der Bildqualität von Röntgenaufnahmen von Echsen bei Vergleich einer hochauflösenden Film-FolienKombination (Film Kodak MIN-R S, Verstärkerfolie Kodak MIN-R 2000) mit einem digitalen Detektorsystem (Varian PaxScan 4030E). Material und Methoden: 20 Bartagamen (Pogona vitticeps) wurden mit konventioneller und digitaler Aufzeichnungstechnik mit gleicher Dosis und digital zusätzlich mit halbierter Dosis röntgenologisch untersucht. Die Studie erfolgte teilverblindet. Die Röntgenaufnahmen wurden kodiert und randomisiert. Fünf erfahrene Tierärzte bewerteten definierte Einzelmerkmale. Die Auswertung der Daten erfolgte durch eine Visual-Grading-Characteristics-(VGC-)Analyse. Ergebnisse: Kein Merkmal wurde auf den digitalen Aufnahmen signifikant schlechter beurteilt als auf den konventionellen. Bei der Beurteilung des Lungengewebes und der Lungengefäße sowie des Gesamteindrucks der Lunge erhielten die digitalen Aufnahmen mit voller Dosis bessere Bewertungen als die des FilmFolien-Systems. Bei den Gelenkkonturen von Schulterund Ellenbogengelenk sowie dem Gesamteindruck von Humerus und kaudaler Leibeshöhle erzielten die digitalen Aufnahmen mit voller Dosis gegenüber denen mit halbierter Dosis signifikant bessere Beurteilungen. Schlussfolgerung: Die hier getestete digitale Detektortechnik ist bei den untersuchten Merkmalen dem hochauflösenden Film-Folien-System ebenbürtig bzw. überlegen. Eine Dosisreduktion ist bei der digitalen Radiographie von Echsen problematisch. Klinische Relevanz: Digitale Röntgensysteme gewinnen in der tierärztlichen Praxis zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass die Detektortechnik bei der röntgenologischen Untersuchung von Echsen sinnvoll genutzt werden kann.
Background Ketosis is a metabolic disorder often triggered by anorexia in animals fed on high energy diets. Although mostly described in pregnant female guinea pigs, under the name of pregnancy toxicosis; there is limited information on ketosis in males and non-pregnant females, often presented to clinics with anorexia or inappetence. The objective of this study was to observe progression of ketosis in guinea pigs, document the changes and evaluate diagnostic methods and a therapeutic approach. Results Twenty eight adult guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), castrated males and intact females of obese and slim body condition were fasted for 3 days and refed afterwards. The slim animals served as control group for body condition. Either slim and fat animals were divided into two treatment groups: half of them received fluid replacements with glucose subcutaneously, the other half did not receive any injection and served as treatment control. Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate, and urine acetoacetate and acetone were measured during and after fasting. Serum ALT, bile acids and liver histology were also analyzed after 7 days of refeeding (and therapy). Females and obese guinea pigs showed a significantly higher increase in ketone bodies in serum and urine. Obese, female, or animals not receiving therapy needed more time to regulate ketone bodies to normal levels than slim animals, males or animals receiving therapy. Liver histology revealed increased hepatocyte degeneration and higher glycogen content in obese animals and animals receiving therapy, and additionally more glycogen content in males. Only minor hepatic fat accumulation was documented. Bile acids showed good correlation to histological liver changes whereas ALT did not. Conclusions Female and obese animals react more intensively to fasting. As preventive management, animals should be kept in adequate body condition, fasting should be avoided, and anorexia should be treated immediately. In such a case, urinary dip sticks to detect ketone bodies are a useful diagnostic tool. Glucose therapy leads to faster cessation of ketogenesis and should be recommended in cases of ketosis. However, it needs to be adjusted to avoid hepatocyte glycogen overload and degeneration. Measuring bile acids presents a valuable indicator of liver damage.
Immer h?ufiger stellt sich in der tier?rztlichen Praxis die Frage nach der Umr?stung auf digitale R?ntgentechnik. Die Vorteile der h?heren Effizienz und geringeren Verbrauchskosten sind bekannt. Dem gegen?ber stehen hohe Anfangsinvestitionskosten. Inwieweit lassen sich aber mit dem digitalen Verfahren auch bei V?geln, Reptilien und anderen Heimtieren ausreichende und vergleichbare Ergebnisse erzielen?
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