Running appears to trigger pre-activation before and reflex-activation after heel-strike and should therefore not only be regarded with caution due to its SUI related effects. Running training stimuli may serve as a beneficial complement to a PFM training rationale, leading to reflex activity of the pelvic floor muscles, when used in sense of power training methodology.

The findings of this systematic review suggest that impact activities causing involuntary and reflex PFM activity should be the subject of further study. This may help guide clinical studies to improve our understanding of how the PFMs react during impact activities and to determine best practices that can be included in rehabilitation programmes.

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Vertical jumps seem to stimulate pre-activity before and reflex activity after ground contact during the landing phase and activate PFMs up to 400% MVC. Jumping stimuli inducing involuntary PFM contraction could show a beneficial factor to be integrated in a PFM rehabilitation program.