Iron (Fe)-deficiency is one of the major constraints affecting growth, yield and nutritional quality in plants. This study was performed to elucidate how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alleviate Fe-deficiency retardation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). AMF supplementation improved plant biomass, chlorophyll score, Fv/Fm (quantum efficiency of photosystem II), and Pi_ABS (photosynthesis performance index), and reduced cell death, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in alfalfa. Moreover, AMF enhanced ferric chelate reductase activity as well as Fe, Zn, S and P in alfalfa under Fe-deficiency. Although Fe-transporters (MsIRT1 and MsNramp1) did not induce in root but MsFRO1 significantly induced by AMF under Fe deficiency in roots, suggesting that AMF-mediated Fe enhancement is related to the bioavailability of Fe at rhizosphere/root apoplast rather than the upregulation of Fe transporters under Fe deficiency in alfalfa. Several S-transporters (MsSULTR1;1, MsSULTR1;2, MsSULTR1;3, and MsSULTR3;1) markedly increased following AMF supplementation with or without Fe-deficiency alfalfa. Our study further suggests that Fe uptake system is independently influenced by AMF regardless of the S status in alfalfa. However, the increase of S in alfalfa is correlated with the elevation of GR and S-metabolites (glutathione and cysteine) associated with antioxidant defense under Fe deficiency.

No abstract

Introduction: Gallbladder cancer is a rare but aggressive disease with a poor prognosis. Factors that may contribute to the development of gallbladder cancer include chronic inflammation, gallstones, and obesity. This study will examine the prevalence of these factors in patients who have undergone surgery for gallbladder disease, and determine if there is a correlation with the development of gallbladder cancer. This information will be valuable in identifying high-risk individuals and developing strategies for the early detection and prevention of gallbladder cancer. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional and observational study was carried out in the Department of General Surgery and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka from August 2019 to February 2021. Patients admitted to the General Surgery and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Department of BIRDEM hospital who underwent gallbladder surgery were recruited for this study. Consecutive sampling was done in this study. Result: The present study findings showed that the majority (65.45%) of the participants were between the age of 50-59 years, with 38.18% being male and 61.82% being female. The most common comorbidities were diabetes (62.73%), hypertension (43.64%) and anaemia (40%). The most common clinical presentation was abdominal pain (76.36%) and the most common histopathological diagnosis was chronic calculous cholecystitis (49.09%), while 20% of participants had gallbladder carcinoma. The study found an association between age, gallbladder wall thickness and gallbladder malignancy. Participants who were 60 years or older were 4.865 times more likely to have gallbladder carcinoma and those with severe wall thickness (>10mm) were 13.32 times more likely to have gallbladder carcinoma. Conclusion: The present study found that the majority of participants were between the age of 50-59 years, with a higher female prevalence. The most common comorbidities were diabetes, ..........