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This article examines the citation practices of the provincial administrative courts in Poland in a sample of judgments issued in the years 2009–2016. The analysis strives to assess the factors affecting the use of other court citations and the prestige of provincial courts manifested in the higher citations of their verdicts. The methods used involve logistic and zero-inflated negative binomial regressions on the set of factors relating to court circuit characteristics, the performance of courts, the features of cases and the efficiency of the administration in a given province. The results indicate that, out of sixteen courts, there is only one provincial administrative court with high prestige. The number of citations is higher for more populated circuits and decreases with the number of employed judges in a court. While small courts cite more they are also more frequently cited than larger ones.

The application of academic freedom may lead to a violation of individual rights, such as the right to respect private life or institutional rights such as university autonomy, or the right of the religious community to self-determination. These collisions between rights are resolved by constitutional courts either according to the proportionality test or by balancing the rights. This paper investigates cases from Czechia, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain, where academic freedom collided with other constitutional rights, in order to determine methods for resolving these types of conflicts. This analysis demonstrates the way in which proportionality allows the construction of the content of academic freedom. It also shows the reasons why academic freedom could become a weak right and why sometimes it is a strong right.

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