Background/Objectives Vaccination is the most important tool for controlling brucellosis, but currently there is no vaccine available for canine brucellosis, which is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution caused by Brucella canis. This study aimed to evaluate protection and immune response induced by Brucella ovis ΔabcBA (BoΔabcBA) encapsulated with alginate against the challenge with Brucella canis in mice and to assess the safety of this strain for dogs. Methods Intracellular growth of the vaccine strain BoΔabcBA was assessed in canine and ovine macrophages. Protection induced by BoΔabcBA against virulent Brucella canis was evaluated in the mouse model. Safety of the vaccine strain BoΔabcBA was assessed in experimentally inoculated dogs. Results Wild type B. ovis and B. canis had similar internalization and intracellular multiplication profiles in both canine and ovine macrophages. The BoΔabcBA strain had an attenuated phenotype in both canine and ovine macrophages. Immunization of BALB/c mice with alginateencapsulated BoΔabcBA (10 8 CFU) induced lymphocyte proliferation, production of IL-10 and IFN-γ, and protected against experimental challenge with B. canis. Dogs immunized with alginate-encapsulated BoΔabcBA (10 9 CFU) seroconverted, and had no hematologic, biochemical or clinical changes. Furthermore, BoΔabcBA was not detected by isolation or PCR performed using blood, semen, urine samples or vaginal swabs at any time point over the course of this study. BoΔabcBA was isolated from lymph nodes near to the site of inoculation in two dogs at 22 weeks post immunization.
Cryptococcosis is an invasive mycosis caused by Cryptococcus spp. that affects the lungs and the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the severity of the disease, it may occur concomitantly with other pathogens, as a coinfection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), an opportunistic pathogen, can also cause pneumonia. In this work, we studied the interaction of C. gattii (Cg) and Pa, both in vitro and in vivo. Pa reduced growth of Cg by the secretion of inhibitory molecules in vitro. Macrophages previously stimulated with Pa presented increased fungicidal activity. In vivo, previous Pa infection reduced morbidity and delayed the lethality due to cryptococcosis. This phenotype was correlated with the decreased fungal burden in the lungs and brain, showing a delay of Cg translocation to the CNS. Also, there was increased production of IL-1β, CXCL-1, and IL-10, together with the influx of iNOS-positive macrophages and neutrophils to the lungs. Altogether, Pa turned the lung into a hostile environment to the growth of a secondary pathogen, making it difficult for the fungus to translocate to the CNS. Further, iNOS inhibition reverted the Pa protective phenotype, suggesting its important role in the coinfection. Altogether, the primary Pa infection leads to balanced pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses during Cg infection. This response provided better control of cryptococcosis and was decisive for the mild evolution of the disease and prolonged survival of coinfected mice in a mechanism dependent on iNOS.
O câncer de mama (CA de mama) é a segunda modalidade de câncer de maior recorrência em mulheres no Brasil e no mundo, a principal causa de morte entre mulheres com câncer ao redor do mundo e, analisando a progressão dessa doença, pode-se identificar uma ampliação na incidência nas últimas décadas. O rastreamento consiste na técnica de detectar precocemente o câncer em uma população ainda assintomática e a mamografia é o exame mais utilizado para a prevenção do câncer de mama. OBJETIVO: Compreender a extensão da realização periódica dos exames de rastreio , em mulheres das faixas etárias entre 40 e 50 anos e entre 50 e 69 anos no município de Valença -RJ e a presença de fatores de risco para o CA de mama além de, reconhecer a alíquota da população que compreende a necessidade e relevância da realização dos exames de rastreio. METODOLOGIA: Estudo de caráter descritivo, transversal, com a observação e registro dos dados obtidos através de fontes primárias colhidas na própria população estudada, em locais de atendimento à saúde promovidos pelo SUS no município de Valença-RJ, com amostra de 190 participantes. RESULTADOS: 70% das entrevistadas não souberam citar algum fator de risco para CA de mama embora, demonstrem entendimento acerca dos recursos para rastreamento. 53,1% das mulheres efetuam a mamografia a cada 2 anos e 55,2% realizam o autoexame mensalmente e vão ao ginecologista para a palpação profissional. Foram identificados como principais fatores de risco nesta população o sobrepeso/obesidade, a menarca precoce e a história familiar de outros tipos de cânceres. CONCLUSÃO: Apenas uma pequena porcentagem das mulheres entrevistadas obtinha conhecimento sobre os fatores de risco do CA de mama, uma grande parcela correlacionou a prevenção do mesmo a exames de rastreamento como a mamografia e o autoexame das mamas sendo que a realização desses exames se inicia, principalmente, a partir de 51 anos, nesta população, mas não relacionaram a prevenção à não exposição dos fatores de risco ou modificação do estilo de vida.Palavras-chave: Neoplasia mamária; Programas de rastreamento; Mamografia; Saúde da mulher; Mastologia.
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