A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted to gather information on current microbiological practices for active surveillance of carriage of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in hospitals from 14 health departments of the Autonomous Community of Valencia (ACV), Spain, which together provided medical attention to 3,271,077 inhabitants in 2017, approximately 70% of the population of the ACV. The survey consisted of 35 questions on MDR bacteria screening policies, surveillance approach chosen (universal vs. targeted), and microbiological methods and processes in use for routine detection and reporting of colonization by MDR bacteria, including the anatomical sites scheduled to be sampled for each MDR bacterial species, and the methodology employed (culture-based, molecular-based, or both). Our study revealed striking differences across centers, likely attributable to the lack of consensus on optimal protocols for sampling, body sites for screening, and microbiological testing, thus underscoring the need for consensus guidelines on these issues.

Previous studies suggested that herpes simplex virus (HSV) PCR testing can be safely deferred in patients with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cell (WBC) counts and protein levels as long as they are older than 2 years of age and are not immunocompromised, the so-called Reller criteria. In this multicenter study, we retrospectively assessed the validity of these screening criteria in our setting. A total of 4,404 CSF specimens submitted for HSV PCR testing to the respective microbiology laboratories at the participating hospitals between 2012 and 2018 were included. Six commercially available HSV PCR assays were used across the participating centers. Ninety-one of the 4,404 CSF specimens (2.1%) tested were positive for HSV DNA (75 samples for HSV-1 and 16 for HSV-2). Nine patients failed to meet the Reller criteria, of whom seven were deemed to truly have HSV encephalitis. Overall, no significant correlation between HSV PCR cycle threshold (C T ) values and WBC counts or total protein levels was found. In addition, median HSV PCR C T s were comparable between patients who met the Reller criteria and those who did not (P ϭ 0.531). In summary, we show that HSV DNA may be detected in CSF specimens with normal WBC and protein levels collected from immunocompetent individuals older than 2 years with HSV encephalitis. Nevertheless, the data also indicate that the number of cases detected could be lowered at least by half if CSF specimens with borderline WBC counts (4 cells/mm 3 ) as well as children of any age are systematically tested. KEYWORDS central nervous system infections, cerebrospinal fluid, herpes simplex virusH erpes simplex virus (HSV) is among the commonest etiological agents of sporadic central nervous system (CNS) infection in immunocompetent patients (1). Timely diagnosis and prompt initiation of acyclovir are crucial for patient survival and recovery (1). Requests for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HSV PCR testing, the diagnostic gold standard (1), can be a burden on molecular microbiology laboratory resources; moreover, the results are often noncontributory. Based on previous studies (2, 3), Hanson and Cerebrospinal fluid specimens. A total of 4,404 CSF specimens submitted to the respective microbiology laboratories at the participating hospitals between 2012 and 2018 for HSV PCR testing were included in this study. No restrictive acceptance criteria for testing were in place at any of the centers. Specifically, 1,474 specimens were received at