Chromosomal abnormalities have a variable severity, which can range from lethality before birth to the need for permanent medical care. The objective of this work was to propose a strategy to the struggle against chromosomal abnormalities through Departments of cytogenetics from literature review. Several documents have been consulted on the activities of Departments (or Services) of cytogenetics in relation to health care, ethical, legal and social problems concerning chromosomal abnormalities. In addition there are teaching and international collaboration in the field of cytogenetics. The corresponding articles have been published in journals with editorial, reading and scientific committees. According to this literature review, Services of cytogenetics should emphasize appropriate technologies and affordable prices, which can reach a significant portion of the population. In these Services, genetic counseling respects the right to full information and possible solutions regarding chromosomal abnormalities. Prevention through community sensitization, screening of populations and the possibility of early diagnosis should be carried out. The teaching of cytogenetics is therefore the starting point from which programs to combat chromosomal abnormalities will be introduced. Departments of cytogenetics must be supported by regulatory structures constituted by the scientific, medical and non-professional communities. Research is an important component of medical cytogenetics as well as international collaboration. This work includes a set of coordinated actions whose implementation would deal with chromosomal abnormalities.