We assembled genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians, of whom 176 are from the largely unsampled period after 2000 BCE, thereby providing a high-resolution time transect of the Iberian Peninsula. We document high genetic substructure between northwestern and southeastern hunter-gatherers before the spread of farming. We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by~2500 BCE and, by~2000 BCE, the replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. We show that, in the Iron Age, Steppe ancestry had spread not only into Indo-European-speaking regions but also into non-Indo-European-speaking ones, and we reveal that present-day Basques are best described as a typical Iron Age population without the admixture events that later affected the rest of Iberia. Additionally, we document how, beginning at least in the Roman period, the ancestry of the peninsula was transformed by gene flow from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.
RESUMENEn los últimos decenios, los restos arqueológicos que nos evidencian el comportamiento simbólico por parte de los grupos humanos han ido retrocediendo en el tiempo, hasta situarse en las primeras sociedades paleolíticas. En el presente artículo, se hace un recorrido por las principales evidencias que nos muestran este comportamiento en los grupos de cazadores-recolectores, con especial hincapié en los neandertales y sus ancestros. El trabajo se centra en particular en las prácticas funerarias, la ornamentación personal así como los primeros instrumentos musicales, que nos demuestran que estas sociedades ya disponían de un comportamiento simbólico altamente desarrollado. Este recorrido nos demuestra, además, que el origen del comportamiento simbólico se halla con anterioridad a los humanos anatómicamente modernos y que por lo tanto no tuvo que ver con unas diferencias de tipos biológicas u osteológicas, sino más bien con unas necesidades, probablemente de tipo social. Este corpus de información nos demuestra también que estas sociedades del pasado no fueron tan diferentes de los grupos cazadores-recolectores actuales o de las poblaciones indígenas del presente.PALABRAS CLAVE: Pleistoceno, Paleolítico, neandertales, adornos, simbolismo. ABSTRACTIn recent decades, the time depth of archaeological remains bearing evidence of the symbolic behavior of human groups has been considerably extended, reaching the first Paleolithic societies. This paper provides an overview of the main evidence pertaining to symbolic behavior among huntergatherer groups, with particular emphasis on neanderthals and their ancestry. This study specifically focuses on burial practices, personal ornaments and early musical instruments, which show that http://dx
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