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Abstract. [Purpose] This study aimed to find out the effects of Kinesio taping (KT) on the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) EMG activities of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) patients. [Subjects and Methods] Fifteen PFPS patients (mean age: 23 yr, mean height: 155 cm, mean weight: 71.47 kg) participated in this study. KT was attached to all subjects from the tibial tuberosity, following VMO and VL paths, up to 1/3 of the proximal thigh. Subjects' pain was measured using a VAS scale with and without KT. A digital dynamometer (Power Track II, JTECH medical, USA) was used to measure maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and a surface EMG (MP150 BIOPAC System Inc. CA. USA) was used to measure the VMO and VL EMG activities.[Results] KT was found to significantly reduce pain and to increase MVIC. The VMO and VL EMG activities during stair ascent and descent decreased to a significant degree.[Conclusion] The study results suggest that KT is effective for pain relief, increase MVIC and decrease EMG activity of PFPS patients. Accordingly, KT applied around knee joints seems to help PFPS patients during stair ascent and descent and with activities of daily living including walking.

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Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tauopathy. Reducing Aβ has been considered a major AD treatment strategy in pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Impairment of gamma oscillations, which play an important role in perception and cognitive function, has been shown in mouse AD models and human patients. Recently, the therapeutic effect of gamma entrainment in AD mouse models has been reported. Given that ultrasound is an emerging neuromodulation modality, we investigated the effect of ultrasound stimulation pulsed at gamma frequency (40 Hz) in an AD mouse model. Methods We implanted electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes and a piezo-ceramic disc ultrasound transducer on the skull surface of 6-month-old 5×FAD and wild-type control mice (n = 12 and 6, respectively). Six 5×FAD mice were treated with two-hour ultrasound stimulation at 40 Hz daily for two weeks, and the other six mice received sham treatment. Soluble and insoluble Aβ levels in the brain were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spontaneous EEG gamma power was computed by wavelet analysis, and the brain connectivity was examined with phase-locking value and cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling. Results We found that the total Aβ42 levels, especially insoluble Aβ42, in the treatment group decreased in pre- and infra-limbic cortex (PIL) compared to that of the sham treatment group. A reduction in the number of Aβ plaques was also observed in the hippocampus. There was no increase in microbleeding in the transcranial ultrasound stimulation (tUS) group. In addition, the length and number of microglial processes decreased in PIL and hippocampus. Encelphalographic spontaneous gamma power was increased, and cross-frequency coupling was normalized, implying functional improvement after tUS stimulation. Conclusion These results suggest that the transcranial ultrasound-based gamma-band entrainment technique can be an effective therapy for AD by reducing the Aβ load and improving brain connectivity.

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