Introduction Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a potentially severe complication of spinal surgeries. The occurrence of such complications causes deterioration of the patient's clinical status and delayed discharge from the hospital. Although no specific etiological factors were identified for this complication, but multiple risk factors might play role in its development, they include the use of anticoagulants, presence of uncontrolled hypertension, and perioperative patient positioning. Aim A systematic review of the literature to investigate the prevalence of different types of intracranial hemorrhages in patients who underwent spinal surgeries. Methods A literature review was conducted using multiple research databases. Data were extracted using multiple variables that were formulated incongruent with the study aim and then further analyzed. Results A total of 79 studies were included in our analysis after applying the exclusion criteria and removing of repeated studies, 109 patients were identified where they were diagnosed with intracranial hemorrhage after spine surgery with a mean age of 54 years. The most common type of hemorrhage was cerebellar hemorrhage (56.0%) followed by SDH and intraparenchymal hemorrhage; 23.9 and 17.4%, respectively. The most common spine surgery was laminectomy (70.6%), followed by fixation and fusion (50.5%), excision of spinal lesions was done in 20.2% of the patient, and discectomy (14.7%). Conclusion The data in this study showed that out of 112 patients with ICH, cerebellar hemorrhage was the most common type. ICH post–spine surgery is a rare complication and the real etiologies behind this complication are still unknown, cerebrospinal fluid drain and durotomy were suggested.

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Background Data on the incidence, prevalence and mortality of pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in developing countries are not readily available or do not exist. Aim The aim of this study was to study the epidemiology of pediatric TBI in developing countries. Methods A retrospective study was conducted in a high-volume Neurosurgery Department where we reviewed pediatric cases presenting with TBI between January 2015 and December 2019. Data were collected from the electronic medical records including the patients’ demographics, neuro-vital signs, mechanism of TBI and treatment types. Radiological images were screened, and patients were classified according to the type of intracranial hemorrhage. The patient’s outcome and Glasgow Coma Scale on discharge were also recorded. Result Nine hundred and eighty-five cases with TBI were admitted over the period of 5 years. The average age was 53.3 months standard deviation (SD) of 39.4. Male gender accounted for 63.7% of the cases. The most common mechanisms of injuries were falls and road traffic accidents/motor vehicle collisions (63.3%, 18.3%), respectively. Nausea and vomiting followed by altered consciousness and drowsiness were the commonest presenting symptoms. Mild TBI accounted for 85.2% of the cases and the majority (92.08%) were treated conservatively (P < 0.005). 93.3% of the cases were categorized as mild head injury upon discharge. The mortality rate was 1.6% in severe TBI cases. Conclusion Children less than 4 years of age were highly affected by TBI. This study gives emergency physicians and neurosurgeons in developing countries an expectation about TBI in pediatric cases and the immediate management to prevent further complications.

Background: Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPRD) is an inherited autosomal recessive musculoskeletal condition caused by mutations in the Cellular Communication Network Factor 6 (CCN6) gene. This causes a variety of clinical features such as short stature, genu varum, etc. Case presentation: This study reported cases of three patients from the same family who exhibited the clinical features of PPRD, and the condition was diagnosed through confirmatory genetic testing. The WES test results for the 15-year-old and 3-year-old males revealed a class-5 pathogenic homozygous mutation in the CCN6 gene, resulting in both individuals being diagnosed with autosomal recessive PPRD. The results for the third patient had not come out yet. Conclusion: For patients with PPRD, it is necessary to take the full family history and genetic testing that might help in the diagnosis and treatment of the condition.

Background: Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) is a developmental condition that affects the frontal part of the eyes. Genetic mutations in FORKHEAD BOX E3 can lead to a variety of ASD conditions. Case Presentation: Here, we report a 2-year-old female patient with ASD type 2 autosomal recessive linked disease. Whole exome sequencing test was conducted and resulted in a missense mutation at position 120 altering arginine to proline. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in Oman. Conclusion: For patients with ASD, it is crucial to take the full family history and genetic work up to aid in the diagnosis and long-term management of the condition.