Different studies support the notion that chronic aerobic exercises training can influence the circulating levels of soluble-Klotho (s-Klotho) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I). The effects of s-Klotho include improving the quality of life, alleviating the negative impact of age on the body’s work capacity, and possibly increasing longevity. This review provides an overview of the latest findings in this field of research in humans. The different modes of dynamic exercise and their impact on circulating levels of s-Klotho and IGF-I in young adult athletes, untrained young adults, trained healthy older adults, untrained healthy older adults, and coronary artery disease (CAD) patients are reviewed and discussed. Together these findings suggest that long-lasting (chronic) aerobic exercise training is probably one of the antiaging factors that counteract the aging and CAD process by increasing the circulating s-Klotho and lowering the IGF-I levels. However, following anaerobic exercise training the opposite occurs. The exact metabolic and physiological pathways involved in the activity of these well-trained young and master sportsmen should be further studied and elucidated. The purpose of this review was to provide a clarification regarding the roles of s-Klotho and intensities and durations of different exercise on human health.

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Spirometry related variables such as FEV1 predicted (%), FVC predicted (%), and FEV1/FVC ratio (also known as the Tiffeneau-Pinelli index) indicate the existence, or lack of, conductance and/or obstructive abnormalities in the respiratory system. 30 People with diagnosed OSA commonly manifest spirometry values of negative

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Purpose: The present study looked at gender difference in oxygen delivery-extraction at maximal oxygen uptake in healthy adolescents.Methods: 36 adolescent males (14.9 ± 1.1 years) and 33 adolescent females (15.0 ± 1.1 years) underwent a maximal oxygen uptake test and a two dimensional direct m-mode echocardiography performed on a bicycle ergometry. Arteriovenous oxygen difference was defined by utilizing the Fick equation.Results: At rest, males compared to females had significantly (p<0.05) higher oxygen extraction (38.8 ± 1.4 and 31.8 ± 1.2 mL.kg -1 . min -1 respectively), systolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure. At peak exercise test, males compared to females demonstrated significant (P<0.05) higher values for cardiac output (16.6 ± 0.7 and 15.4 ± 0.6 L•min -1 respectively), stroke volume (83.9 ± 5.1 and 78.5 ± 4.6 mL respectively), oxygen uptake (47.3 ± 3.7 and 39.6 ± 1.1 mL•kg -1 •min -1 , respectively), while oxygen extraction was significantly higher in females compared to males (123.6 ± 7.6 and 115.5 ± 5.4 mL • L -1 respectively). Conclusions:This study suggests that normal adolescents; male and females respond to the maximal oxygen uptake test by increased their left ventricular systolic function, however, it was less augmented in the females due to gender and energy metabolism differences. Consequently, females increased their oxygen extraction more than the males as a compensation for the lower cardiac output and hence, lower oxygen delivery.