Objective To evaluate the performance of the cascade of activities for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at the second immunization visit in Burkina Faso. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we recruited mothers attending the second immunization visit for their infant in 20 health centres of Bobo-Dioulasso city, Burkina Faso over 12 months (2019–2020). We administered a short questionnaire to 14 176 mothers and performed HIV serological tests on mothers who had not been tested in the last 3 months. All mothers were asked about their attendance for antenatal care and HIV rapid testing. HIV-infected mothers were also asked about the timing of their HIV diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy, pre-exposure prophylaxis initiation at birth and infant diagnosis of HIV. Findings Of 14 136 respondents, 13 738 (97.2%) had at least one HIV serological test in their lifetime. Of 13 078 mothers who were never tested or were HIV-negative, 12 454 (95.2%) were tested during or after their last pregnancy. Among HIV-infected mothers already aware of their status, 110/111 (99.1%) women were on antiretroviral therapy. Among HIV-exposed infants, 84/101 (83.2%) babies received 6 weeks of antiretroviral prophylaxis at birth and 58/110 (52.7%) had a blood sample collected for early infant diagnosis. Only two mothers received their child’s test results at the time of the second immunization visit. Four mothers were newly diagnosed as HIV-positive during the study. Conclusion Collecting data at the second immunization visit, a visit rarely missed by mothers, could be useful for identifying gaps in the PMTCT cascade in settings where mothers are difficult to reach, such as in low-income countries with intermediate or low HIV prevalence.

Background Elimination of HCV among people who use drugs (PWUD) remains a challenge even in countries in which HCV care is provided free of cost. We assessed whether an innovative community-based respondent-driven sampling (RDS) survey, coupled with HCV screening and immediate treatment, could be efficient to detect and cure active PWUD with chronic HCV in a large city of Southern France. Methods At a community site with peers, PWUD (cannabis not included) were enrolled after confirmation by a urine drug test. Participants were then screened for HBV/HCV/HIV and benefited from on-site HCV treatment evaluation and prescription. Peer support was provided during treatment, and a systematic visit was scheduled 12 weeks after the end of treatment. The cost of the intervention was estimated. Results 554 participants were enrolled. Most were male (78.8%) with a median age of 39 years (IQR: 33-46). Cocaine (73.1%) and heroine (46.8%) were the main drugs consumed. Overall, 32.6% of PWUD (N = 181) were HCV seropositive, of which 49 (27.1%) had detectable HCV RNA and were thus eligible for treatment. Ten of these patients had severe fibrosis. HCV treatment was initiated for 37 (75.5%) patients among whom 30 (81.1%) completed their treatment and 27 (73.0%) achieved sustained viral response at week 12. The total cost was 161€ per screened patient and 1,816€ per patient needing treatment. Conclusions Community-based RDS survey approach, involving peers, proved efficient and cost-effective to reach and cure PWUD for HCV. This innovative strategy could be key for the final step of HCV elimination.

HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children show impaired health outcomes during childhood. A high rate of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) instability was reported in the blood of HEU at birth. We aimed to explore the relationship between these health outcomes and mtDNA deletions over time in a case series of 24 HEU children. MtDNA instability was assessed by deep sequencing and analyzed by eKLIPse-v2 algorithm at three time points, namely birth, 1 year, and 6 years of age. Association between mtDNA deletion and health outcomes, including growth, clinical, and neurodevelopmental parameters, were explored using univariate statistical analyses and after stratification with relevant variables. HEU children were selected with an equal male:female ratio. An elevated number of mtDNA deletions and duplications events was observed at 7 days’ post-partum. Median heteroplasmy increased at one year of life and then returned to baseline by six years of age. The mtDNA instability was acquired and was not transmitted by the mother. No risk factors were significantly associated with mtDNA instability. In this small case series, we did not detect any association between any health outcome at 6 years and mtDNA instability measures. A significant effect modification of the association between the duration of maternal prophylaxis and child growth was observed after stratification with heteroplasmy rate. Genomic instability persists over time among HEU children but, despite its extension, stays subclinical at six years.