Primary peritonitis is a rare condition occurring, by definition, in patients without underlying causes, such as perforated viscus, pre-existing ascites, or nephrosis. We report a case of primary peritonitis and shock due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, a rare etiology. A review of the world's literature shows a predilection for women to have this condition. The entry site is obscure in most cases. Asymptomatic genital tract colonization may be a portal of entry in some women. Shock or toxic shock syndrome often accompany the abdominal findings. Laparotomy to exclude a perforated viscus may be unavoidable. Despite the significant morbidity, expeditious and appropriate antibiotic therapy is curative.

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