To evaluate the effect of combined resistance and aerobic training (RT+AT) on regional bone mineral density (BMD) and physical performance in people living with HIV (PLWH). Forty PLWH (20 men and 20 women) were randomized into RT+AT group (n = 20; age = 38.3 ± 4.9) or non‐exercise control group (n = 20; age = 37.9 ± 5.1). The RT+AT group was required to perform a nonlinear periodized resistance training program targeting large muscle groups followed by 20 min aerobic exercise at 65‐80% of maximal heart rate. Participants in RT+AT performed three supervised sessions per week for 6‐months, whereas participants in the control group were instructed to continue with their current lifestyle habits. The primary outcome was bone mineral density (lumbar spine (L2‐L4), femoral neck, and distal 1/3 radius). Secondary outcomes included physical function, anthropometry, inflammatory markers, and growth factors. The RT+AT group demonstrated a significant increase in BMD at follow‐up for the Lumbar spine (L2‐L4), femoral neck, and 1/3 radius (all, P < .05), and There were no gender differences in the training response between men and women for any of the BMD regions. Similar findings were also observed for lean body mass, IGF1and Adiponectin (P < .001). We observed a decrease in percent body fat, fat mass, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and myostatin in the RT+AT group (P < .001). Finally, there was a significant increase in handgrip strength and gait speed for both women and men in the RT+AT group (P < .001). A combination of resistance and aerobic training appears to be a feasible and effective means for counteracting bone loss and improving various inflammatory markers, physical function, and growth hormones in PLWH.

While taking antiretroviral therapy, 30%–60% of people living with HIV (PLWH) experience neurocognitive impairment (NCI). To determine NCI prevalence among Iranian PLWH, by the computerized Vienna Test System, 63 adults living without HIV and 63 Iranian PLWH aged 18–50 years (M = 35.3, SD = 7.9) were assessed for cognitive function. NCI was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve cutoff points based on the adults living without HIV. Associations between demographics, HIV serostatus markers, and mean T-scores were investigated. Performance differences were tested by including significant covariates in an analysis of covariance. NCI prevalence rates were 57.14% in PLWH and 19.05% in adults living without HIV. Global neurocognitive performance and all cognitive domains were significantly different between the groups, except for visual memory and selective attention. In Iran, NCI prevalence parallels that reported in PLWH worldwide. There should be a strategy to screen Iranian PLWH for NCI.