Most of the tests showed good repeatability for both subject groups at distance and near, except for the Sheedy Disparometer. The reason for the lower repeatability could be the design of the Disparometer.

The Farnsworth D15 (FR‐D15) color vision test is generally used to determine whether individuals with color vision defects have good color discrimination to perform their jobs safely. The Waggoner computerized color vision test D15 (WC‐D15) is a computerized version of the FR‐D15 test. This study aimed to evaluate the color differences vectors analyses (CDV) quantitative scoring in clinical practice using the FR‐D15 and WC‐D15 color vision tests. Fifty‐nine individuals with congenital red‐green color vision deficiency participated in this study. All participants were screened with the Ishihara, Waggoner Pseudoisochromatic plates, and City University Tests. Participants also completed FR‐D15 and WC‐D15 tests. The number of crossings, and CDV indices, including the confusion index, total error score, specificity index, and angle were assessed. There were significant correlations between the number of crossings and each of the CDV parameters. Results of both D15 tests showed that defects classified by confusion angles improve with an increase in crossings. The correct diagnosis rate improved when the criterion of failure was relaxed compared to the generally accepted criteria of ≥2. A CDV angle of either 0° or −3° accurately classifies defects as protan or deutan. Quantitative measurements of the FR‐D15 and WC‐D15 color vision tests showed good results in detecting color vision deficiency and diagnosing the type of defect. The CDV parameters positively correlated with the traditional evaluation of the defect's presence by counting the crossings. It is more accurate for clinicians to interpret their results using the CDV parameters.

The W-D15 test, a computerized variant of the F-D15 test, is used to determine whether an individual with a color vision defect can safely perform color-related tasks. This study evaluated the performance of the W-D15 test using an iPad. Fifty-nine color normal and 61 color vision defect subjects participated. Participants were screened based on the Ishihara, City University Test, and Waggoner PIP24 tests. Different failure criteria of the D15 tests were considered. The pass/failure agreement between the two tests was relatively appropriate, with a κ -coefficient ≥ 0.8 , for all failure criteria. The W-D15 could be an appropriate substitute for F-D15 using an iPad.

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PURPOSE: Freezing of gait (FOG) is considered as a motor disorder that affects some Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients; however, sensory systems may also be involved in FOG. The pupil light reflex (PLR) is a reliable measure of the autonomic nervous system. Different dilation and constriction pupil parameters may be used to investigate the integrity of the autonomic nervous system in PD patients with and without FOG symptoms. This study aimed to look at the integrity of autonomic nervous system and to investigate the nonmotor functions mediated by the cholinergic system in Parkinson’s patients with and without FOG symptoms. METHODS: Constriction and dilation pupil light reflexes were measured by using a handheld pupillometer. Twenty-two patients with FOG symptoms, 25 patients without FOG symptoms, and 25 aged-matched healthy controls participated in this study. RESULTS: The results showed that most of the constriction parameters and dilation latency of both patient groups differed significantly from healthy controls. FOG patients showed larger pupil size under light condition and larger deficits in constriction latency than nonFOG patients. Both the groups of PD patients had longer dilation latencies than healthy controls. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the cholinergic autonomic nervous system is affected in PD patients more than the adrenergic system. FOG patients had larger impairments in nondopaminergic mediated functions such as pupil light reflexes, which suggests that FOG patients have greater impairment in functions that involve cholinergic neurotransmitters.