This experiment was conducted and replicated during both winter seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, respectively at Soil Salinity Laboratory, Alexandria. This research was conducted to study the effects of water salinity and the application of salicylic acid (SA) on garlic growth performance, yield and its quality. Four levels of saline irrigation water treatments were used; i.e., 435 (fresh tap water as a control), 1500, 3000 and 4500 ppm. Three levels of salicylic acid treatments were foliar applied on garlic plants at the rates of 0, 150 and 300 ppm. The spraying was applied biweekly. The results indicated that the vegetative characters, yield and yield quality were; negatively, affected with increasing saline water levels from 435 up to 4500 ppm. Spraying SA on the leaves garlic plants led to decrease the negatively effects of the saline water on the tested characters. The best results were given when salicylic acid was sprayed at the concentration of 300 pm. The interaction between saline water salinity and SA concentrations did not show any significant effects on all the studied garlic characters. Also, data appeared that spraying garlic plants with SA at the concentration of 300 ppm exhibited the highest values for bulb fresh weight (g/plant), average clove weight (g), no. of cloves per bulb, bulb diameter (cm) and nick bulb diameter (cm) with any of the tested saline water levels. Spraying garlic plants with SA resulted in relatively increasing potassium concentration in comparison to sodium content and this result might be indicated that SA application improved the performance of garlic plant to the stress of irrigation with saline water. The recommendation of this research; based on the obtained results under the conditions of this study, is spraying garlic plants with SA at the concentration of 300 ppm biweekly when having to irrigate with saline water to reduce the adverse effect of saline water on the economic characteristics of the garlic crop.

Crop discrimination is a key issue for agricultural monitoring using remote sensing techniques. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data are advantageous for crop monitoring and classification because of their all-weather imaging capabilities. The multi-temporal Sentinel 1A SAR data was acquired from 08th August, 2015 to 23rd January, 2016 at 12 days interval covering the extent of Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu. Both the Vertical - Vertical (VV) and Vertical-Horizontal (VH) polarized data are compared. The ground truth data collection was performed for cotton and maize during the vegetative, flowering and harvesting stages. The temporal backscattering coefficient (σ0 ) for cotton and maize are extracted using the training datasets. The mean backscattering values for cotton during the entire cropping period ranges from -10.58 dB to -6.28 dB and -20.59 dB to -14.53 dB for VV and VH polarized data respectively, and for maize it ranges from -11.08 dB to -7.07 dB and -19.85 dB to -14.14 dB for VV and VH polarized data respectively.

Aims: Evaluate eight landraces of okra and five landraces of molokhia, collected from different region of Egypt, under different levels of irrigation water salinity. Study Design: The experimental design used was a split-plot in a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates, where the four irrigation water salinity concentrations were arranged in the main plots, whereas, landraces of okra or molokhia were arranged in the sub plots. Place and Duration of Study: This investigation was carried out during the two successive summer seasons of 2021 and 2022 at Soil Salinity Laboratory Research, Alexandria Governorate, Agricultural Research Center. Methodology: Four levels of saline irrigation water were applied having EC of 625 (tap water as a control), 2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm which was applied as necessary according to soil field capacity (27.85%). Results: Generally, all the studied traits, of okra and molokhia, decreased as the salinity level increased except for the spines of edible pods which was in contrast, in both seasons. There were significant differences among the studied eight landraces of okra and the studied five landraces of molokhia for all the studied traits in both seasons. Edible pods yield/plant of Behera landrace was not significantly affect by irrigation at salinity levels up to 2000 ppm of salinity level in 2022 season. Moreover, Alexandria and Gharbya landraces were the least affected by increasing salinity levels comparing with the rest of landraces in both seasons. With respect to molokhia, Fresh leafy yield/plot of Alexandria landrace was not significantly affected by irrigation at salinity levels up to 2000 ppm of salinity level in the first seasons. Conclusion: It can be recommended to cultivate Behera, Alexandria and Gharbya  landraces of okra and Alexandria and Kafr Elsheikh landraces of molokhia when irrigation with relatively high levels of salinity, as these landraces were relatively less affected by increasing salinity concentration. These landraces can also be introduced into breeding programs to improve them or develop new varieties that are more salt-tolerant.

This investigation aims to evaluate the effect of water stress and foliar application of two different antitranspirants on growth, yield, quality and water use efficiency of Jerusalem artichoke grown a calcareous soil using drip irrigation system. For this purpose, two field experiments were carried out at soil salinity lab. Res., Agricultural Research Center, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt during the summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 using the split plot design. Jerusalem artichoke plants were irrigated by 100, 75 or 50% of water requirements (ET C ). The antitranspirants included glycine betaine (200 mg/l), potassium silicate (5 cm 3 /l) and their combination i.e. potassium silicate (P.S) x glycine betain(G.B) in comparison with spraying distilled water as control treatment. The gained results revealed that increasing irrigation water levels from 50% up to 100% significantly (P<0.05) increase, majority of plant vegetative growth characters Jerusalem artichoke tubers yield/feddan, its component parameters and tubers′ quality during both seasons. Foliar application of antitranspirant treatments; increased irrigation efficiency and potassium silicate was more effective than glycine betaine, in particular, upon irrigation with 50% ET C treatment. In general, spraying Jerusalem artichoke plants with potassium silicate; gave rise to the best results for plant height, No. of main stem/plant and plant fresh weight/plant with 100% ET C during both seasons. The dry matter percentage was not affected significantly (P>0.05) by the two independent variables. In addition, potassium silicate at 100% ETc; brought about the highest value for tuber yield in both seasons. Jerusalem artichoke plants irrigated with 75% of water requirements gave insignificant decrease in number of tubers/plant, tuber fresh weight and tuber yield than the treatment received 100% of water requirements. The interaction between irrigation tested levels and foliar application treatments was highly effective on tuber yield character in both seasons. The highest average values for tuber yield/feddan were recorded due to the treatments of water level of 75%ETc with spraying potassium silicate at 5cm 3 / l., while the lowest mean values were achieved due to apply at 50 % irrigation level compare with control treatment. Also, the interaction between irrigation levels foliar glycine betaine, potassium silicate, and G.B. x P.S. had a significant (P<0.05) effect on K of tuber content during both seasons. The compositional elements N, P and carbohydrate content in tubers were not significantly affected by this interaction during the two seasons except inulin content during the first season only. The best results were recorded due to apply water irrigation level of 100% ET C and 75%ET C with spraying of potassium silicate at 5cm 3 /l. Crop water use efficiency (CWUE) was doubled in the case of 50% ET C compared with consumptive 100% ET C. The water use efficiency increased as the irrigation level reduced.

Field experiments were conducted during summer seasons of 2018 and 2019 at Soil Salinity Dept., Soil, Water, and Environment Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt, , to investigate the response of five different genotypes of growing melon to three levels of saline irrigation water (500, 2000, 4000 mg/L). The included genotypes were Line Mass Matrouh, local genotype (G1), Line 22 (G2), Line 26 (G3), Line Ideal (G4) and Line New Matrouh (G5). Results indicated that traits of plant length and number of branches/plant were negatively significant affected by salinity treatment (2000, 4000 mg/L) during the two studied growing seasons. While date of flowering and number of fruits/plant were not affected by treatments of saline irrigation water across the two seasons. Line G3 recorded the highest mean value for average fruit weight/plant followed by Line G4. Fruit shape index, total soluble solids and fruit moisture content were also significantly positive affected by different levels of water saline. These results clearly indicated that the evaluated melon genotypes differed in their genetic traits. Among genotypes, G3 and G4 lines showed the highest tolerance to the saline water treatments (2000 , 4000 mg/L) , so we recommend to use these lines either in areas irrigated with saline water or to be integrated in breeding program to produce more salt tolerant hybrid of melon plant that can be used in cultivating areas irrigated with saline water.