Biostimulatory effects of laser irradiation on cell proliferation and wound healing has been reported. However, little is known about the molecular basis of the mechanism. Interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) play an important role in inflammation, while platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and blood-derived fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are the most important growth factors of periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-level He-Ne laser on the gene expression of these mediators in rats' gingiva and mucosal tissues. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups (A(24), A(48), B(24), B(48)) in which A(24) and A(48) were cases and B(24), B(48) were controls. An incision was made on gingiva and mucosa of the labial surface of the rats' mandibular incisors. Group A(24) was irradiated twice with 24 hours interval, while the inflamed tissues of group A(48) was irradiated three times with continuous He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) at a dose of 7.5 J/cm2 for 300 s. An energy of 5.1 J was given to the 68 mm(2) irradiation zone. Rats were killed 30 min after the last irradiation of case and control groups, then excisional biopsy was performed. Gene expression of the cytokines was measured using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Results were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The gene expression of IL-1beta and IFN-gamma was significantly inhibited in the test groups (P < 0.05), while the gene expression of PDGF and TGF-beta were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The case and control groups did not have a significant difference in the gene expression of TNF-alpha and bFGF (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that low-level He-Ne laser irradiation decreases the amount of inflammation and accelerates the wound healing process by changing the expression of genes responsible for the production of inflammatory cytokines.

Background: The effect of cigarette smoking duration on salivary pH and its relation to the rate of dental caries is unknown. Our aim was to comparatively investigate the salivary pH and DMFT index in cigarette smokers and non-smokers based on the quantitative rate of smoking. Methods: This case-control study was conducted using simple random sampling. Three ml samples of not stimulated whole saliva were collected from 92 smokers and 37 nonsmokers. DMFT indices were recorded. The rate of smoking was calculated by pack-year index. Salivary pH was measured by pH meter (744 Metrohm). The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to compare the status of pH and DMFT between smokers and non-smokers. The correlation of pH level and DMFT index with the amount of smoking was also investigated in smokers. Results:The mean salivary pH level in smokers and non-smokers was 6.57±0.06 and 7.04±0.06, respectively. The mean DMFT in smokers and nonsmokers was 7.60±0.5 and 4.80±0.5, respectively. Salivary pH decreased significantly with the increase of pack-year index (P = 0.01). The relationship between DMFT and the amount of smoking was not significant. DMFT index was significantly higher in smokers with over 300 pack-years than in other smokers (P = 0.01). Conclusions: Cigarette smoking was associated with lower salivary pH and higher DMFT index. The increased number of smoked cigarettes was associated with increased number of decayed teeth.

No abstract