decoction, while the others received 1 mL of water instead for 2 weeks. Urine samples (24 h) were collected individually at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days for physicochemical analysis. On completing the treatment the kidneys were collected and analysed by light microscopy. RESULTSThe water intake and diuresis decreased in the treated rats; there was no significant difference in urinary pH between the groups. Urinary chemistry was apparently unaffected by the plant extract, except for the magnesium content, which was higher in treated rats. Crystalluria was characterized by the excretion of large CaOx monohydrate and dihydrate crystals in untreated, but smaller crystals in treated rats. The histology showed large deposits of CaOx crystals in all parts of the kidney in untreated rats but with almost no deposits in those of treated rats. CONCLUSIONH. hirsuta has an impressive prophylactic effect on CaOx stones in nephrolithic rats; the effect did not seem to be mediated by biochemical or diuretic changes.

Herein, we report the design and calculated molecular properties of ten existing azo Schiff bases 5a-h and 7a, b. On the basis of a hypothetical antibacterial pharmacophore, the structures are designed to interact with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The in vitro biological evaluation of these compounds allowed us to point out new potential non-nucleoside hits, with MIC values in the range of 2-8 lg/ml active against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. In contrast to Gram positive strains, no activity is noted in favor of Gram negative strains (Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The antibacterial activity of these azo Schiff bases is discussed on the basis of theoretical calculations by using Petra, Osiris and Molinspiration (POM) model.

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Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae), commonly referred to as black seeds or black cumin, is used in popular medicine (herbal) all over the world for the treatment and prevention of several diseases, including diabetes. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effect of N. sativa extracts and fractions against the activities of intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase in vitro, and to explain the inhibitory effect of these fractions against these enzymes by identifying their active compounds responsible for this effect and determine their modes of inhibition. To do so, N. sativa hexane and acetone extracts were prepared and analyzed by GC–MS and HPLC–DAD, respectively. The hexane extract was further fractioned into eight different fractions, while the acetone extract generated eleven fractions. The extracts as well as the resulting fractions were characterized and evaluated for their potential in vitro antidiabetic activity using intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase inhibitory assays in vitro. Hexane extract and fractions were less active than acetone extract and fractions. In the case of intestinal α-glucosidase activity, the acetone fraction SA3 had a high inhibitory effect on intestinal α-glucosidase activity with 72.26 ± 1.42%, comparable to the effect of acarbose (70.90 ± 1.12%). For the pancreatic α-amylase enzymatic inhibitory assay, the acetone fractions showed an inhibitory capacity close to that for acarbose. In particular, the SA2 fraction had an inhibitory effect of 67.70 ± 0.58% and was rich in apigenin and gallic acid. From these fractions, apigenin, (−)-catechin, and gallic acid were further characterized for their inhibitory actions. IC50 and inhibition mode were determined by analyzing enzyme kinetic parameters and by molecular modeling. Interestingly, (−)-catechin showed a possible synergistic effect with acarbose toward α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition, whereas apigenin showed an additive effect with acarbose toward α-amylase enzymatic inhibition. Furthermore, we studied the toxicity of N. sativa hexane and acetone extracts as well as that of acetone fractions. The result of acute toxicity evaluation demonstrated that N. sativa extracts were nontoxic up to a concentration of 10 g/kg, except for fraction SA3. Taken together, these results indicate that N. sativa extracts and/or derived compounds could constitute promising nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.