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This report indicating that the Iranian population, particularly females, have become less active during the survey period. Physical inactivity should receive more attention as a public health issue.

Abstract Background Addition of spironolactone (SPR) to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) might provide antiproteinuric effects beyond what is gained by either medication alone. This study was designed to assess the long-term efficacy of SPR/ARB combination in comparison with the standard ACE/ARB regimen in diabetic nephropathy. Methods In an open-label, parallel-group, single-center, randomized clinical trial (NCT01667614), 136 patients with diabetes and proteinuria, already treated with enalapril and losartan, were included. In 74 patients, ACE inhibitors were discontinued. After a wash-out period of 2 weeks, 25 mg SPR daily was initiated. The remainder of the patients (n = 62) received ACE inhibitors and ARBs as before. Patients were followed every 3 months for 18 months. During each visit, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), urinary albumin excretion (UAE), serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and serum potassium concentrations were determined. Results After 18 months, three patients in the SPR/ARB group developed asymptomatic hyperkalemia. SPR/ARB significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic BP (P < 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). SPR/ARB decreased UAE by 46, 72 and 59% after 3, 12 and 18 months, respectively. Compared with the continuation regimen, SPR/ARB was superior in UAE reduction (P = 0.017 after 18 months), independent of BP change. In both groups, eGFR declined significantly over the trial course and the decline rate did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusions Addition of SPR to ARB provides added benefits with respect to BP control and proteinuria diminution. These antiproteinuric effects are not accompanied by prevention of eGFR loss compared with conventional therapy with ACE/ARB.

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