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In this study, loss estimation models were developed for reasonably accurate assessment of economic and human losses from seismic events in the Mediterranean region, based on damage assessment at an urban scale. Data were compiled from existing worldwide databases, and completed with earthquake information from regional studies. Economic data were converted to a single common currency unit (2015 USD value) and the wealth of the areas affected by 65 earthquakes of the region from 1900 to 2015 was assessed. Reduced-form models were used to determine economic and human losses, with earthquake magnitude and intensity as hazard-related variables, and gross domestic product of the affected area and the affected population as exposure-related variables. Damage to buildings was also used as a hazard-related variable to predict economic and human losses. Finally, site-specific regression models were proposed for economic and human losses due to earthquakes in the Mediterranean region, and more specifically, in Algeria. We show that by introducing the damage variable into the models, prediction error can be reduced, and that accuracy of loss model estimation is site dependent and requires regional data on earthquake losses to improve. A case study for Constantine, Algeria shows the improvements needed for increased accuracy.

R I~ S U M I~ A B S T R A C TDans cet article est prdsentd un nouvel appareil de simulation de l'op~ration d'extrusion. I1 fait ressortir l'influence de certains param~tres sur l'extrusion, notamment la vitesse d'extrusion, le frottement pfiteparoi et la forme de la fili~re. Udtude a permis de carac-t~riser la nature de l'&oulement des pfites d'argile 5 travers les fili~res des extrudeuses.This paper presents a new simulation device for extrusion operations. It shows the influence on extrusion of certain parameters, in particular the speed of extrusion, the friction between the paste and the extruder walls, and the form of the die. This study allows characterisation of the flow of clay pastes through the dies of the extruder.

In this paper, a numerical model is developed to predict the behaviour of castellated beams with hexagonal. The numerical model takes into account both material and geometric non-linearity. To initiate buckling, an initial small out-of-plane geometric imperfection, obtained from an eigenvalues buckling analysis, was imposed to the model. Calibration with experimental data obtained from previous work shows that the model is able to predict, with relatively good accuracy, the ultimate load. A parametric study is then followed to determine the effect of web thickness, yielding stress and opening height on the ultimate load of the beams. Based on the parametric studies results, the accuracy of the cross-section classification for castellated beams proposed in the Annex N of Eurocode 3 is assessed.