[1] The large (8%) changes in the past seasonal insolation have a well-documented influence on the Indian summer monsoon. However, the effect of the small (<1%) decade to century scale solar variability is less certain. Evidence is emerging that Earth's climate is sensitive to small changes in solar output on centennial time scale during the Holocene. Comparison of a recently published proxy record for sunspot activity with our newly-revised higher-resolution record of the Indian summer monsoon winds reveals multiple intervals of weak summer monsoon during the Holocene at multidecadal to centennial scales. Weak summer monsoon winds correlate with reduced solar output. Our results suggest that small changes in solar irradiance can bring pronounced changes in the tropical monsoon. The multidecade to century scale variations in the monsoon winds were much larger in the early Holocene coincident with increased sunspot numbers. Citation:

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Rapid climatic shifts across the last glacial to Holocene transition are pervasive feature of the North Atlantic as well as low latitude proxy archives. Our decadal to centennial scale record of summer monsoon proxy Globigerina bulloides from rapidly accumulating sediments from Hole 723A, Arabian Sea shows two distinct intervals of weak summer monsoon wind coinciding with cold periods within Ållerød inerstadial of the North Atlantic named here as IACP-A1 and IACP-A2 and dated (within dating uncertainties) at 13.5 and 13.3 calibrated kilo years before the present (cal kyr BP), respectively. Spectral analysis of the Globigerina bulloides time series for the segment 13.6–13.1 kyr (Ållerød period) reveals a strong solar 208-year cycle also known as de Vries or Suess cycle, suggesting that the centennial scale variability in Indian summer monsoon winds during the Ållerød inerstadial was driven by changes in the solar irradiance through stratospheric-tropospheric interactions.

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Pt-based Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), Zinc oxide (ZnO), and Bi2O3-ZnO heterojunctions are synthesized and tested in the photo-electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol in alkali under visible light irradiation. The decrease band gaps...