No abstract

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women. Brain functions may be affected in PCOS, and studies reported that PCOS patients are at greater risk for developing mental health conditions, including anxiety or depression. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the neurocognitive changes in letrozole-induced PCOS model. Methods: Twenty female Wistar rats (eight-week-old; 160 ± 10 g) were divided into two groups. Group one received vehicle only (carboxymethyl cellulose, orally) once daily, and group two received letrozole (1 mg/kg, orally) once daily. Drugs or vehicles were administered for 21 days. Afterward, behavioral tests, including forced swimming test, open field test, and Y-maze alteration task, were performed. Ovaries were removed after behavioral tests and assessed histologically to confirm the induction of PCOS. Results: Animals with PCOS developed depressive-like behaviors compared with control in forced swimming test (P < 0.001). Anxiety-like behaviors were detected in letrozole-induced PCOS group (P < 0.05). Moreover, animals with PCOS exhibited memory impairment in comparison to normal animals in Y-maze memory assessment (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Rats with PCOS showed a neurocognitive decline in the model of letrozole administration. Future studies should be conducted to clarify the exact mechanisms of these changes and possible approaches to restore them.

Headache has a variety of types, such as episodic primary headaches (EPH) and chronic primary headache (CPH) in its primary form. There is a positive correlation between these two types of headaches and hypertension (HTN), but in some works this correlation has been reported negatively. Therefore, we planned to study HTN-CPH as well as HTN-EPH correlation in our population. A sample of Rafsanjan population (10,000 individuals) entered the cohort study, as one of the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran (PERSIAN). We compared the frequency of HTN categories in CPH and EPH cases with a normal population. Out of 9933 participants (46.6% males and 53.4% females) about 29% had EPH and 7.5% had CPH. HTN was found in 24.27% of EPH cases and 31.98% of CPH cases. HTN was also found to be associated with EPH and CPH in the crude model. Two Categories of HTN (Long controlled and uncontrolled) were not associated with EPH. On the other hand, CPH showed associations with all of the HTN categories. After included all variables and confounders, EPH and CPH had association with HTN without any considerable changes. There is strong HTN-EPH as well as HTN-CPH correlations in the studied population.

Background: Headache has a variety of types, such as Migraine and chronic daily headache (CDH) in its primary form. There is a positive correlation between these two types of headaches and hypertension (HTN), but in some works this correlation has been reported negatively. Therefore, we planned to study HTN-Migraine as well as HTN-CDH correlation in our population.Methods: A sample of Rafsanjan population (10000 individuals) entered the cohort study, as a part of the prospective epidemiological research studies in IrAN (PERSIAN). In this population, we compared the frequency of HTN categories in cases with Migraine and CDH with a normal population (without Migraine).Results: Out of 9990 participants (46.6% males and 53.4% females) about 29% had Migraine and 7.5 % had CDH.HTN was found in 24.27% of Migraine and 31.98% of CDH cases. HTN was also found to be associated with Migraine and CDH in the crude model. Two Categories of HTN (Long controlled and uncontrolled) were not associated with Migraine. On the other hand, CDH showed associations with all the HTN categories. Moreover, in a model, which included all variables and confounders, Migraine and CDH had association with HTN without any considerable changes.Conclusion: Our study showed that there is strong HTN-Migraine as well as HTN-CDH correlations in the studied population.