Human resource management practices are receiving increasing attention in both public and private institutions. Organizations must implement these practices to promote organizational citizenship behavior among staff. These practices create a culture that values and understands OCB, which is beneficial for the development of intellectual capital in schools. The present study examines the relationship between human resource management practices, organizational citizenship behavior, and intellectual capital in schools, using the resource-based view theory. This is a quantitative study, and data were collected through a closed-ended questionnaire consisting of 66 items. An online Google form was used for data collection due to the COVID-19 pandemic and school closures in targeted districts. 248 out of 410 respondents participated in the study. The data were analyzed using SPSS-22 and the results showed that all three variables (HRMP, OCB, and IC) are positively correlated with each other. However, OCB partially mediates the relationship between HRMP and IC. These findings provide valuable insights for educational managers, school principals, and policymakers to improve the education system in Pakistan.

The current trends in technology and globalization has encouraged Human resource management practices to adopt optimized strategies in dealing with challenges face by the educational institutions. In order to achieve the desired results and outcomes in educational institutions in a definite timeframe, valuable policies, capabilities and values need to be implemented. For creating a sustainable organizational environment, the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has been developed for supportive and cooperative interaction and relationship between the employer and employee by cooperating with each other for effective running of the schools. The current study is aimed to investigate the relationship between HRM practices and OCB in higher secondary schools in Dir Lower& Upper. This study is quantitative in nature and data was collected through closed ended questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed with person correlation techniques. It is  found that HRM practices has a notable relationship with organizational citizenship behavior in higher secondary schools in Pakistan and results further speak out that performance appraisal has a high relationship with OCB while the rest of practices have low relationship with OCB.  After discussion in light of available literature, recommendations has been framed for educational institutions and policy maker.

Human resource management practice (HRMP) has been broadly acknowledged and widely recognized by almost every organization. Many studies have been conducted to review the application of human resource management (HRM) and other aspects that have manifested and been determined to be true in a variety of scenarios. HRM practices have been found to be essential and effective in the delivery of services and socioeconomic growth. In well-established organizations, up-to-the-level performance and competition are impossible without the required skilled, well-motivated people working in a good human resource management program development. In both small and big educational institutions, a framework that relies on human resources management strategies for program implementation is required in an educational setting the most essential practices of human resource management are selection and recruitment, appraisal of performance, training and development, and reward and rumination systems. It is very pertinent for an organization to comprehend methods of attracting, retaining boast the Morales of those in the marketplace who are skilled and competent. Organizations by the virtue of implementation of soft dimensions of HRM become able to gain a competitive edge. From the available literature it very evident that through the procedures and practices of human resource management not only the performances of an organization are enhanced but it becomes able to get what is called “competitive advantage”.