Background: The significance of vitamin D deficiency in the progress of menstrual disorders in women is a topic of great interest in studies. Several studies have found that taking an increased vitamin D supplement can help restore the menstrual cycle. Aim: To investigate the relationship between vitamin D and menstrual cycle irregularity. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, serum vitamin D levels were measured in 150 outpatient women with menstrual disorders (n=75), compared to women with comparable profiles (n=75) with symptoms other than menstrual disorders compared. Results: A decreased level of vitamin D was associated with a 13.3 times odds of an irregular cycle (95% CI): p < 0.001). 25-hydroxy vitamin D was not associated with age or body mass index. We found a significant difference (p < 0.001) in mean vitamin D levels among the females with irregular cycles vs. regular cycles Practical implication:There is scarcity of literature on vitamin D and menstrual periods so current study assessed the relationship between vitamin D and menstrual cycle irregularity in womens. Conclusion: Lower 25(OH)D levels are linked to irregular menstrual cycles. Our findings indicate that vitamin D has an effect on the reproductive axis, which has wider scope for reproductive potential. Keywords: Menstrual disturbances, Ovulation, Vitamin D deficiency, polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Objective: To study the role of Hydroxyurea in patients suffering from β-thalassemia major. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Department Paediatrics, Combined Military Hospital, Malir Cantt, Karachi Pakistan, from Nov 2019 to Oct 2020. Methodology: Data from 73 beta-thalassemia major patients was collected using a structured questionnaire containing inquiries about basic socio-demographic details, disease history, laboratory reports and particulars of former treatment regimens. Hydroxyurea was administered, and its effects were noted among the subjects regarding the frequency of transfusion, haemoglobin levels and severity of clinical symptoms. Results: The mean age of study subjects was 9.15±3.99 years, and most study subjects (56.14%) were boys. The preintervention (before administration of Hydroxyurea) levels of Hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and serum ferritin levels were unremarkable when compared to postintervention levels. However, a significant difference was observed in HbF levels. In addition, an encouraging decrease was reported in the self-rated severity (using VAS) of symptoms such as fatigue (p<0.05), weakness (p>0.05), and shortness of breath (p>0.05). In addition, the transfusion interval was significantly reduced (p<0.05). Conclusion: After carefully considering the results, it can be concluded that Hydroxyurea plays a positive role and brings about significant improvement among patients suffering from β-thalassemia major. Keywords: Fetal hemoglobin, Genetic disease, Hydroxyurea, Thalassemia major.

Objective: To determine the frequency of primary and secondary enuresis in the children presenting at outpatient department of Tertiary Care Hospital. Study Design: A cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Outpatient Department of Combined Military Hospital Malir, Karachi, from Feb to July 2019. Methodology: A total of 1200 children with age range of 5-12 years were included in the study. Children presenting with severe acute illness or those with non-willing caregivers were excluded from the study. Result: Out of the total 1200 study participants, 167 (13.9%) children gave the history of enuresis. There were 109 (65.6%) boys and 58 (34.4%) girls. The children with primary enuresis were 141 (84.3%) while 26 (15.62%) children had secondary enuresis. About 31 (18.7%) children had daytime enuresis, 115 (68.5%) had night-time and 21 (12.5%) children had both day and night time bed wetting. About 57 (34.37%) children previously got the treatment for enuresis which included fluid restriction in 21 (12.5%) and desmopressin in 36 (21.87%). Out of them 52 (91.2%) children showed complete response while 5 (8.77%) showed incomplete response. Conclusion: Our study found that enuresis is more frequent among boys. Primary enuresis is more common than secondary enuresis and nocturnal enuresis is more common than diurnal enuresis.

Introduction: A major public health issue in the world is teenage pregnancy and its consequences. Sixteen million birth occurs in teenage pregnant women between 15-19 years of age in the world. Aim/Objectives: To find the frequencies of pre-eclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, birth asphyxia, anemia and intrauterine death (IUD) in teenage pregnancy and adult-age pregnancy. Methodology: A total of two hundred patients were booked for ante-natal care and patients were divided into two different groups equally i.e., teenage pregnancy and adult-age pregnancy (TP Group and AP Group). Teenage pregnancy group ranged from 14 to 19 years, and AP Group ranged from 20-30 years. One hundred (100) pregnant ladies were registered for each group. Those pregnant women who had co-morbid were excluded from the study. Pregnant women were booked for ante-natal care from twenty-eight weeks of pregnancy to forty-one weeks of pregnancy for both groups. Result: The mean age of pregnant women was 16.25 ±4.90 years in the teenager pregnancy group (TP Group) and 26.00 ± 5.00 years in the adult-age pregnancy group (AP Group). The mean BMI of patients was 24.50 ± 0.75 kg/m2 in the TP Group while it was 26.25 ± 3.50 Kg/m2 in the AP Group. The concentration of mean hemoglobin was 9.25 ± 0.75 mg/dl in the teenager pregnancy group and it was 12.50 ± 0.50 mg/dl in the adult-age group (AP Group) and the p-value was 0.003 (significant). Mean systolic blood pressure was 130mm of Hg in the TP Group, and 120mm of Hg in the AP Group while mean diastolic blood pressure was 85mm of Hg in Teenage pregnancy and 75mm of Hg in Adult-age pregnancy. Anemia, pre-eclampsia, intrauterine death (IUD), postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and birth asphyxia were more in the teenage pregnancy group as compared to the adult-age pregnancy group. The mean gestational age in teenage pregnancy was 30.75±1.25 weeks and it was 38.80 ± 0.70 week in the adult-age pregnancy group. Conclusion: The frequency of pre-eclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, birth asphyxia, intrauterine death and anemia were more in teenage pregnancy (TP Group).