Bacterial pathogens have been attributed to poultry housing structure, financial strength, and incessant use of antibiotics, variable seasons and management systems practiced. Variant forms of bacterial pathogens can be detected by recognizing the molecular pattern of the pathogens through an innate immune mechanism such as mannose-binding lectin. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) possesses an innate pattern recognition molecule that easily sequestered to region of infections and inflammations. This works by attaching itself to antigen surface thus hinders proliferation and disease activity in the host organism. Baker’s method, nephelometric assays technique, Enzyme-Linked Immunosurbent Assay technique, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Deoxyribonucleic Acid typing and other biotechnology related methods are techniques used in detecting and quantifying MBL. Mannose-binding lectin levels in serum can be influenced by age, management systems, feed formulation strategies and seasons. Therefore, knowledge of MBL should be encouraged in all aspect of poultry production, in order to discourage incessant use of drugs at a slight exposure to prevailing bacterial which can help in maximizing cost.

The study determined differences between village-owned and group-owned cattle enterprises on monetary value, Nguni cattle functions, marketing options, perceptions and concerns of Nguni cattle farmers. Questionnaires were administered to 22 village-owned and 19 group-owned enterprises. The χ 2-tests were computed to determine associations between enterprise type, farmer characteristics, functions of cattle, marketing options, farmer perceptions and concerns on the cattle. Effects of enterprise ownership and farmer characteristics on the perceived monetary value of Nguni cattle were determined using ANOVA. Nguni cattle in both enterprise ownership patterns were used for cash, meat and upgrading the communal cattle. Farmers from village-owned enterprises had higher perceived prices than group-owned enterprises. Younger farmers with a formal training in agriculture perceived higher prices of bullocks and in-calf heifers. Most farmers (67%) perceived Nguni cattle low-input production as profitable with higher perceived prices for cattle in village-owned than group-owned enterprises. Community gatherings were the most common method of marketing Nguni cattle. The major concerns in village-owned enterprises were uncontrolled mating, lack of grazing land and husbandry equipment. It was concluded that while village-owned and group-owned enterprises had similar demographic profiles, cattle functions, and marketing options.