Objective: The aims of the study are to describe how antibiotics were used in a pediatric ward and to observe how they were prescribed for infectious diarrheas of bacterial origin indication. Diarrhea or acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common infection diagnoses observed among the hospitalized children. Rehydration therapy is the key treatment for children with diarrhea. With the zinc supplement, the duration of the hospital stay can be reduced. Thus, the decision whether the local or regional health authorities need to provide an antibiotic treatment depends on the etiology of the disease, the patient’s nutritional history and immunological status, and eventually, the severity of the disease. Good anamneses and diagnoses are essential to decide whether antibiotic treatment is required. Methods: The observation in this study consists of two phases. The first-phase observation was taken from the diagnosis and the number of antibiotics used in 2016 retrospectively calculated from each of the patients’ medical records. Meanwhile, the second phase descriptive observation was prospectively drawn from the stool culture and the number of antibiotics prescribed to 21 inpatient diarrhea children between May 2017 and December 2017. The amount of antibiotic consumption was administered based on defined daily dose (DDD) and days of therapy (DOT). Results: In 2016, 56% (828/1476) of the patients received antibiotic prescriptions. On average, the DDD per 100 bed-days was 45.57. In the prospective study, six of 21 patients with diarrhea were prescribed antibiotics intravenously. The DOT was 3.5 days and the DDD for these patients was 12.10/100 bed-days. Conclusion: There was a high consumption rate of antibiotics which was not indicated in each patient’s etiology of diarrhea in the hospital during the period. Thus, the recommendation is to encourage health authorities to judiciously prescribe antibiotics according to the guidelines.

Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using Google Classroom and Edmodo in online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: This research is quantitative research. The sample was pharmacy students of the Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health in Kupang of 2019 and 2020 cohort, with a total of 145 people. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Results: One hundred and twelve (72%) students stated that the use of Google Classroom in online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic had been effective, thirty-two (22%) students stated that the learning was very effective, and eleven (6%) students stated that the learning was not effective because they were confused by the available features. They also need a stable internet network, especially when downloading learning video materials. Student assessments using the Edmodo learning media showed one hundred and one (69%) students said it was effective, twenty-six (18%) students said it was very effective, and eight (13%) stated that it was not effective because of difficulty of reading features in English and there was no direct online syntax available on Edmodo. Conclusion: The results showed that Google Classroom and Edmodo could be effectively applied in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Backgrounds: Hot weather in Indonesia can cause problems with hair and scalp health, including dandruff (seborrheic) and cause hair roots to become weak, making it easier for hair loss or alopecia to occur. The Amarasi people still do hair and scalp treatments with traditional plants. Objectives: This study aims to determine the ethnopharmacology of herbs as anti-dandruff and anti-baldness in Amarasi sub-district, Kupang district, including plant names, plant properties, plant parts, processing methods, usage methods and usage rules. Methods: This research is a qualitative descriptive study with an exploratory observational design. The data was obtained in the form of a survey by interviewing respondents with the help of a questionnaire. The sample in this study was a traditional healer (Hatra) who understood the use and use of anti-dandruff and anti-baldness drugs. Sampling was carried out using a purposive sampling techniq namely Hatra who were over 20 years old and had experience as a hatred for more than 3 years and above. The sample in this study was 17 traditional healers (Hatra). Results: result research shows that there are 18 plants consisting of 8 single plants and 16 herbs that are used and efficacious as anti-dandruff and anti-baldness. The plant parts used are leaves, fruit, seeds, sap/mucus, tube and oots. the method of processing plants for hair and scalp care by burning, splitting, fryinsqueezing and g, mashing, then, how to use it is washed, smearing, washedmassagingsaged. Rules for using plants 1-2 times a week. Conclusion: The Amarasi community has traditional plants and herbs that can be used as a treatment for scalp problems, including anti-dandruff, preventing hair loss and nourishing hair (anti-baldness). These plants based on research literacy studies conducted by previous researchers proved to have potential in the treatment of anti-dandruff and antibody.