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The present study is aimed at developing a methodology to extract maize, a predominant energy crop, and efficiently map its spatial distribution in a Natura 2000 region of northern Germany. Following a GEOBIA approach, segmentation was performed on two hierarchical levels. Level 1 consisted of field boundaries, and level 2 represented variations within level 1. Decision rules were developed for level 2 based on spectral information, vegetation indices, standard deviations and knowledge of crop phenology. For this purpose, first, level 2 image objects were classified. Subsequently classification was shifted to level 1. Maize covered 10.6 percent of total study area. The presented methodology gives the advanced user the flexibility to integrate expert knowledge in the classifier. In addition, the implementation time of decision rules was very fast and helped to produce results with high accuracy.

A B S T R A C TThe quality of drinking water is vital for humans in order to remain alive, healthy and disease free. Consequently, it is indispensible to make sure that the available drinking water is uncontaminated. This study aimed at finding the quality of drinking water in Jampur, which is one of the tehsils of district Rajanpur in South Punjab, Pakistan. Thirty water samples were collected from different locations of the study area. These samples were gathered from different sources such as hand pump, injector pump, tube well and water supply line. The water quality was examined by comparing its standards with World Health Organization provided guidelines. It was found that majority of the Jampur's population were using contaminated water, which is very harmful and alarming. This contaminated water could cause a potential risk to people's health through many waterborne and skin diseases. The contamination of water could be due to dissolved contaminants and excessive ions such as arsenic, sodium, calcium or nitrate, etc. It is recommended that safety measures should be taken before exploiting this water for drinking. For the purification of contaminated water, filtration plants must be installed in the region.