The current research study aims to analyze the impact of cash holding on investment efficiency by moderating the role of corporate governance among financially distressed firms. The data for 14 years (2006-2019) is gathered from 400 companies of two Asian emerging economies (Pakistan and India). The results are obtained by applying a generalized method of moments (GMM), which postulates that corporate governance improves cash holding with investment efficiency in the Indian scenario and decreases in the Pakistani scenario. Concerning financially distressed firms, corporate governance strengthens the relationship of cash holding with investment efficiency in the Pakistani context but showing no moderating role in the Indian scenario. The results are helpful in cash management decisions to minimize the agency issue and to avail investment opportunities.

Dividend is an unresolved puzzle in corporate finance and present study attempted to resolve this puzzle by testing the impact of industry, firm, and firm year on dividend policy. The study applied the variance decomposition technique in order to investigate the variance in dividend payout ratios at firm year, firm, and industry level. Study used conveniently sampled data of 57 non-financial firms from 2005 to 2017. The study revealed that at firm and firm year level dividend payout ratios are varied significantly in Pakistan. However, the study found insignificant variation at industry level (measuring by dividend to cash flow and sale ratios) in dividend payout ratios. The study provides important evidence to the stakeholders about the relation of dividend policy and firm year, industry, and firm. The investors and managements need to consider the impact of firm year on dividend policy while formulating dividend policy of the Pakistani firms. Furthermore, the study adds significant contribution to the existing literature by clarifying the three important determinants of dividend policy with respect to their contribution in Pakistan.

Key results of this research are that the study proposed seven hypothesis against all seven macroeconomic variables (Real Growth, Price Inflation, Government Consumption, Private Consumption, Investment, Export and Import) of Exchange Rate and results indicated there are a positive relationship and strong association of short-term and long-term between Exchange Rate and its Macroeconomic variables providing satisfactory results as all research objectives were met and research questions were answered. A research philosophy was derived from the results that Exchange Rate Variability will continuously and indefinitely will occur and Price Inflation of a Nation will determine its fluctuations.