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This paper examines the long-and short-run dynamics of asymmetric adjustment between the nominal exchange rate and commodity prices, namely oil, palm oil, rubber, and natural gas prices, in Malaysia using monthly data from January 1994 to December 2017. The relationship between exchange rate and each commodity price is examined in terms of Engle-Granger and threshold cointegrations. The estimated results provide evidence of long-run threshold cointegration and show that the adjustments towards the long-run equilibrium position are asymmetric in the short run. Furthermore, this study finds evidence of a unidirectional causal relationship running from the nominal exchange rate to oil price in the long and short run using a spectral frequency domain causality application. There is also empirical evidence of bidirectional causality between the nominal exchange rate and palm oil price, rubber price, and natural gas price in the long and short run. Overall, the findings have significant implications for the current debate on the future of primary commodities in Malaysia.

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Around the globe, various initiatives use the mobile phone to provide financial services to those without access to traditional banks. The current trend is that banks and telecommunication companies together are bringing the unbanked people under the financial umbrella through mobile banking. The aim of the current study is to find out the impact of mobile banking on various economic indicators of Pakistan. For this purpose, the current research was conducted in two phases; in the first phase, primary data were collected through a well-structured interview schedule from the users of mobile banking. In the second phase, primary data were collected through structured interviews from the mobile industry financial experts. This study found that mobile banking brings economic benefits for individuals, companies and countries. These economic benefits lead to bigger economic effects such as an increase in GDP growth, more foreign direct investment, remittances, increase in government’s tax base, creates new businesses, employment generation and transparency in transactions. It is concluded that access to finances through mobile banking leads to the country’s GDP and the entrepreneurial activities.