Background and aim: Changes in the physical properties of casts retrieved from disinfected impressions are a common problem in the fabrication of dental prostheses. However, there are limited data available about the effect of disinfecting solutions on the surface roughness of casts. This study aimed to assess the surface roughness of casts retrieved from addition silicone impressions disinfected by immersion in three different disinfectants for 5 and 30 minutes. Materials and methods: This in-vitro experimental study was conducted on 49 casts in 7 groups (n=7). A standard stainless steel die was used according to ANSI/ADA specification no. 25, and impressions were made using a low-viscosity addition silicone impression material. The impressions were disinfected by immersion in 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2.4% glutaraldehyde, or 5% povidone-iodine for 5 and 30 minutes. All impressions were poured with type IV dental stone, and their surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a digital hand-held roughness tester. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Results: One-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference between the control group and the other 6 groups (P=0.004). 1% NaOCl/5 minutes was the only group which presented a different result from the control group (P=0.012). Two-way ANOVA showed that over time, the surface roughness of casts retrieved from silicone impressions disinfected by immersion in a disinfectant decreased (P=0.002), but no significant difference was noted between the disinfectant agents (P=0.243). Conclusion:The type of the disinfectant had no significant effect on surface roughness, although an increased duration of disinfection decreased the surface roughness of casts.

The disproportionate use of petroleum products and stringent exhaust emissions has emphasized the need for alternative green fuels. Although several studies have been conducted to ascertain the performance of acetone–gasoline blends in spark-ignition (SI) engines, limited work has been done to determine the influence of fuel on lubricant oil deterioration. The current study fills the gap through lubricant oil testing by running the engine for 120 h on pure gasoline (G) and gasoline with 10% by volume acetone (A10). Compared to gasoline, A10 produced better results in 11.74 and 12.05% higher brake power (BP) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE), respectively, at a 6.72% lower brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The blended fuel A10 produced 56.54, 33.67, and 50% lower CO, CO2, and HC emissions. However, gasoline remained competitive due to lower oil deterioration than A10. The flash-point and kinematic viscosity, compared to fresh oil, decreased by 19.63 and 27.43% for G and 15.73 and 20.57% for A10, respectively. Similarly, G and A10 showed a decrease in total base number (TBN) by 17.98 and 31.46%, respectively. However, A10 is more detrimental to lubricating oil due to a 12, 5, 15, and 30% increase in metallic particles like aluminum, chromium, copper, and iron, respectively, compared to fresh oil. Performance additives like calcium and phosphorous in lubricant oil for A10 decreased by 10.04 and 4.04% in comparison to gasoline, respectively. The concentration of zinc was found to be 18.78% higher in A10 when compared with gasoline. A higher proportion of water molecules and metal particles were found in lubricant oil for A10.

A first information report was registered at Police Station of Faisalabad District, Pakistan. A boy (7-8 years old) went to a nearby shop and went missing. He was last seen with the accused suspect on a motorcycle as reported by eye witnesses. His naked dead body was found from nearby sugarcane fields tied with his clothing.  Autopsy revealed three incised wounds on the neck. The post-mortem was done and anal swabs were used for DNA profiling. Post mortem medico legal examination indicated sexual abuse of the boy prior to being murdered. Forensic DNA analysis confirmed that the seminal material found on anal swabs of the victim belonged to the suspect. The same DNA profile was also found from the samples of nail scratch swab samples of the victim. The suspect was confirmed to be the perpetrator.

D egenerative joint disease (DJD) and chronic ulceration of foot are very common in captive elephants. The abnormalities in foot of zoo elephants have been a major veterinary issue for a century. These conditions are affecting both African and Asian elephants under human care in different zoos (Houck, 1993; Schwammer, 2008). In a review of medical records of North American zoos, 50 % of captive elephants suffered from foot ailments and 64 % experienced musculoskeletal weaknesses (Mikota et al., 1994). Moreover, 33 % surveys of zoos showed at least one case of foot problems, 36 % reported at least one case of arthritis and 18 % reported the case of lameness in their elephant population (Lewis et al., 2010). Regular exercise of foot and muscles maintain a balance of blood circulation in foot pads and nails (Roocroft and Zoll, 1994). Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is very common in zoo elephants. Similarly, cracks, abscesses, chronic sole ulcers in the sole, nail and cuticle can produce pathological changes such as Osteoarthritis, bone remodelling and enthesopathy in elephants (Fowler and Mikota, 2008). These ailments can badly affect the normal gait of zoo elephants. Physical accidents, trauma, contaminated surfaces of enclosure, nutrition profile and exercise are also predisposing factors for the occurrence of DJD in elephants (Gage, 2000).

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