Cutting temperatures and heat partition into the cutting tool are critical factors that significantly affect tool life and part accuracy during metal removal operations, especially in dry machining. Among many thermal modelling studies, uniform heat partition ratio, and/or uniform heat intensity along the tool-chip interface are frequently assumed. This assumption is not valid in actual machining and can lead to erroneous estimated results in the presence of sticking and sliding friction zones. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately predict the cutting tool temperature and heat partition during machining. This paper presents an analytical thermal modelling approach which considers the combined effect of the primary and the secondary heat sources and determines the temperature rise and non-uniform heat partition ratio along the tool-chip interface. Cutting tests were conducted on AISI/SAE 4140 high-strength alloy steel using carbide cutting tools over a wide range of cutting speeds. Cutting temperatures were measured experimentally using an infrared thermal imaging camera. Experimentally established sticking and sliding friction regions were used to evaluate non-uniform frictional heat intensity along the tool-chip interface. The temperature matching condition along the tool-chip interface leads to the solution of distributed non-uniform heat partition ratio by solving a set of linear equations through programming in MATLAB®. Experimental results show to be consistent well with those obtained from the thermal model, yielding a relative difference of predicted average tool-chip interface temperature from −0.8% to 6.3%. It is found that average heat partition into the cutting tool ( RT) varies from 35% down to 15% for the entire range of cutting speeds. These results suggest that, to address the thermal problem in metal cutting, the research and development of tooling should also focus on reducing friction on the tool rake face in addition to the contribution of the combined effect of primary and secondary heat sources on temperature rise at the tool-chip interface.

The ever-increasing demand for independent mobility has escalated vehicle production across the globe. However, very less focus is given to drivers who are physically impaired or have a driving disability. Thus, the primary purpose of this research is to design a low-cost infrared sensor-based remote-operated driving system for people with lower body disabilities and leg impairment. The presented design is based on an Arduino UNO microcontroller that is programmed and coupled to an infrared sensor to press and release the brake and acceleration pedals, which can be hand-controlled by the disabled driver. Two TB6600 microstepping drivers and NEMA-23 stepper motors have been externally powered using a Volta 12V lead-acid maintenance-free battery at 2.5 amperes with a peak current of 2.7A, and 200 steps/rev. for maximum output torque. An LED and alarm have been placed on the dashboard for an emergency alert or system failure. Additionally, brake and acceleration pedals have been tied to a monofilament cord, which further connects the motor shafts to assist pedalling operation and allows the driver to control the brake and acceleration pedals through an IR remote. The findings comprise two models: theoretical and actual. Results show that theoretical braking time is around 0.7s while actual braking time is found as 0.6s, which shows a good agreement.

Significant temperature rise is stimulated during high-speed machining of metals, specifically in dry cutting conditions. This experimental investigation undertakes the effects of uncoated, single layer coatings (TiN and TiAlN), and multilayer coatings [TiAlN/TiN (9 + 5 µm), (9 + 3 µm), (9 + 1 µm), and (5 + 1 µm)] on cutting tool material during dry orthogonal cutting of AISI/SAE 4140 alloy steel. The study compares crucial parameters such as cutting and feed forces, chip-tool contact area, thickness of deformed chip, chip reduction coefficient, heat partition ratio, flank wear, and shear angle. The layer TiAlN used as the first layer from the Tungsten Carbide (WC) substrate owing to its better adhesion property, whereas TiN used as the second layer (top coating) owing to its better sliding behavior. In this research, cutting operations have carried out using Dean Smith and Grace Lathe machine. A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) also used along with a Kistler 9263 dynamometer to measure cutting forces. The cutting temperatures are measured with the help of an infrared, high-resolution thermal imaging camera, ThermaCAM model SC3000 by FLIR. Results have shown that layers act as a thermal barrier that block excessive heat generation in the cutting tool. Thus, this increasing the surface finish, tool life, and overall efficiency, while reducing the abrasive wear, tear, and parallel ridges due to rubbing friction. Furthermore, it has found that multilayer coating of (9 + 5 = 14 µm) shown good consistent results with less variance, specifically in the high-speed machining regions. Hence, the study evidently justifies the usage of coated tool inserts in high-speed dry cutting operations.

Traffic congestion has been the most tiresome encounter since the initiation of vehicle advancement. Many braking systems have been designed by researchers in previous studies, but this study is primarily focused on a braking system that is affordable to all because it is based on a simple Arduino-controlled system. Moreover, it is assistive on everyday traffic commutes rather than highway driving, which is relatively rare for normal drivers. As more and more vehicles crowd the roads, the more problematic it is becoming for the drivers, which is ultimately leading toward increment in the frontal car accidents. In this study, an electro-mechanical braking system has been deployed that assists the driver during the jam-packs by measuring the exact distance between the driven and forthcoming vehicle or any obstacle by applying the brakes without the driver pressing the brake pedal to ultimately bring the vehicle to a halt without any fear of vehicle collision. An ultrasonic sensor is used at the front bumper grille that measures the distance between the two closing vehicles. The total time to halt the vehicle has been calculated as 0.6 s, while the critical distance for the sensor has been set as 1-m. Furthermore, the stepper motor drivers are set at the maximum current output of 2.5 amps with a 12-volt battery connected in parallel to the motors. It is found that theoretical stopping time is in good agreement with the experimental stopping time to completely press the brake pedal and halt the car.