Pakistan has not only been blessed with enriched hydrological cycling phenomenon which generate abandoned quantum of water in the northern part , but also possess 18.68 MAF Water Potential in water scarce areas of Pakistan , known as Rod Kohi. Spate irrigation is in practice in Pakistan, where, flood water, during monsoon season, gets generated and channelized from downhill countered profiles (catchments area). These hill torrential are diverted to agriculture fields, by constructing earthen embankments or related hydraulic concrete structures. Since, hill sides torrential are unpredictable, temporally and spatially matrix, which poses numerous challenges to the farmers who in return forcibly integrate / pool up individual resources to partially manage this scarce resource. Though the annual rainfall (....100...mm/year) in this area is low and uncertain yet at the same time due to terrain lay out , substantial quantum of water gets accumulated due to downhill side terrain profile each rainfall event. The agriculture activities, in these areas are totally dependent on such type of phenomenal rainfalls. Unfortunately, due to lack of scientific water resource management and modern agriculture practices, major quantum of torrential flood water is not only gets wasted , but also causes huge losses to human life and property. This catastrophic situation arises, as there are neither successive layers of check-dams on the downhill sides of these mountain ranges, nor any kind of water storage facilities exist at the foot hill areas. PARC (Pakistan Agricultural Research Council) and Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Foundation (PPAF) did funded some localized water storage , water conveyance and water distribution system interventions, but still there is a dire need of holistically adoption of watershed management approaches , based on resource integration concept and practices. This un-managed water resource must be harnessed / converted into lucrative opportunities to oxygenize the life line for millions of people residing in these areas.

The experiment was conducted during November 2012 to March 2013 in experimental field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh to find out the consequence of irrigation levels on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat (BARI Gom-26). Four different irrigation levels viz. I 0 : No irrigation i.e. control; I 1 : Irrigation at 20 days after sowing (DAS) at crown root initiation stage; I 2 : Irrigation at 55 DAS at flowering stage) and I 3 : Irrigation at 75 DAS at grain filling stage were used in the experiment using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Results revealed that maximum dry matter content (18.8 g/plant), crop growth rate (CGR) (13.5 g m-2 day-1), relative growth rate (RGR) (0.024 g m-2 day-1) were found from I 1 which was statistically identical with I 2 whereas minimum from I 0. Plant height (80.7 cm), number of tiller (4.9/hill), number of spike (4.7/hill), number of spikelets (18.5/spike), spike length (19.2 cm), filled grains (29.3/spike), total grains (31.3/spike), 1000grains weight (44.4 g), yield (grain 3.4 t/ha, straw 5.7 t/ha and biological 9.1 t/ha) and harvest index were correspondingly showed higher results as of growth characters.

Acacia nilotica is an important agroforestry specie, which is used in both compact and linear forms. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of compost on the growth performance and biomass production of A. nilotica. Completely randomized design (CRD) was used to analyze the variations among several growth morphological traits. Two parallel trials, pot trial (seedlings), field trial (saplings) were conducted simultaneously. Compost and litter mixture were applied in mentioned trials. Following treatments were used: T0 – control; T1 - 25% of compost and 75% of nursery soil; T2 - mixture of 50% nursery soil and 50% compost; T3 - mixture of 75% compost and 25% of nursery soil; T4 - where 100% compost was applied. Increase in plant growth was observed with the increases in the amount of compost mixture. In field trial maximum plant height, shoot length, root length, rootshoot ratio and biomass production was observed when 100% compost level was applied, while minimum was observed without any compost appli-cation. In pot trials, the maximum plant height, rootshoot ratio and biomass production was recorded when 75% compost level was applied. Overall, Acacia performed better with 100% of compost application in field trail and 75% of compost application in pot trial. The results of this study demonstrated the positive effects of compost on the growth of Acacia. The seedling development was improved considerably with different levels having greater percentage of organic fertilizer and it was concluded that compost improves soil fertility and it should be used as organic fertilizer in farming and forestry practices for improving crop growth and yield.

Excessive irrigation application and intensive tillage is the norm on Pakistani farms, which exacerbate water logging and salinity and reduce the water productivity of major crops. Addressing these issues, a long term experiment (2000 to 2009) under wheat-maize (9 seasons each) cropping pattern was conducted on raised beds (with furrow spacing of 65 cm (Narrow Bed-NB), 130 cm (Medium Bed-MB) and 180 cm (Wide Bed-WB)), with controlled traffic regime emplaced, in comparison with traditional intensive cultivated flat basin (FB) for evaluating impacts on soil, crop and water productivity. The results showed reduced bulk density by 7%, 6% and 5% and increased hydraulic conductivity by 90%, 106% and 72% for WB, MB and NB respectively, when compared with FB. The irrigation water saving was 36%, 40% on WB, 34%, 31% on MB and 7%, 8% on NB, for wheat and maize crops respectively, when compared with FB. The crop yields were higher by 14%, 25% on WB, 12%, 10% on MB and 3%, 13% on NB, respectively, compared with FB. Consequently, the water productivity was also increased by 43%, 71% on WB, 30%, 30% on MB and 4%, 18% on NB for wheat and maize crops respectively. This study have shown the prospects of improved soil physical properties and water productivity by adopting controlled traffic raised bed farming (CTRBF) system, which may be helpful for agriculture sustainability and food security.

M aize (Zea mays L.) is the member of family Poaceae (Gramineae) and is widely grown worldwide. Humans and livestock are dependent on maize for food. Its grain contains starch, protein, oil, fiber, sugar and ash having percentage of 72%, 10%, 4.8%, 8.55%, 3.05% and 1.7% respectively. Its total annual production is 3.7 million tons per 0.9 million hectares (Chaudhry, 1983;Haji et al., 2008). Primarily low fertile lands are responsible for its low production while the input of man-made fertilizers can significantly increase the yield simultaneously causing the environmental problems which are injurious to living beings and to surroundings in terms of runoff, leaching, eutrophication and emission of nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems (