LoRa is an ISM-band based LPWAN communication protocol. Despite their wide network penetration of approximately 20 kilometers or higher using lower than 14 decibels transmitting power, it has been extensively documented and used in academia and industry. Although LoRa connectivity defines a public platform and enables users to create independent low-power wireless connections while relying on external architecture, it has gained considerable interest from scholars and the market. The two fundamental components of this platform are LoRaWAN and LoRa PHY. The consumer LoRaWAN component of the technology describes the network model, connectivity procedures, ability to operate the frequency range, and the types of interlinked gadgets. In contrast, the LoRa PHY component is patentable and provides information on the modulation strategy which is being utilized and its attributes. There are now several LoRa platforms available. To create usable LoRa systems, there are presently several technical difficulties to be overcome, such as connection management, allocation of resources, consistent communications, and security. This study presents a thorough overview of LoRa networking, covering the technological difficulties in setting up LoRa infrastructures and current solutions. Several outstanding challenges of LoRa communication are presented depending on our thorough research of the available solutions. The research report aims to stimulate additional research toward enhancing the LoRa Network capacity and allowing more realistic installations.

Routing protocol bears the responsibility of maintaining standards which provide means for routers to establish and sustain proper communication among themselves as well as direct the packets towards the best traveling route present between an end node and a basis. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) are the highly valuable protocols in the computer networking field. Keep in view the implementation of routing protocols (RP); architectural differences lie between both of these protocols. Still, both of them do not have the same delays in processing regarding finding the best route, adaptability, and ability to achieve convergence. The author carried out studies via simulations in OPNET for estimating the performance of OSPF and EIGRP protocols and have drawn comparisons later on. Studies estimated the performance of OSPF and EIGRP by taking into consideration two network models. The 1ST model configured with OSPF, and the 2ND model is set-up with EIGRP. By sending and receiving traffic via the simulated network paradigm, the author estimated RPs based on quantitative metrics, including End-to-End delay, Packet dropped, Throughput, Processing delay, and CPU utilization. After gathering and studying the results, the author observed that EIGRP and OSPF both have different results. EIGRP has given better performance concerning some parameters, but on the other side, OSPF has shown better performance concerning some other parameters

Fifth-generation (5G) communication technology is intended to offer higher data rates, outstanding user exposure, lower power consumption, and extremely short latency. Such cellular networks will implement a diverse multi-layer model comprising device-to-device networks, macro-cells, and different categories of small cells to assist customers with desired quality-of-service (QoS). This multi-layer model affects several studies that confront utilizing interference management and resource allocation in 5G networks. With the growing need for cellular service and the limited resources to provide it, capably handling network traffic and operation has become a problem of resource distribution. One of the utmost serious problems is to alleviate the jamming in the network in support of having a better QoS. However, although a limited number of review papers have been written on resource distribution, no review papers have been written specifically on 5G resource allocation. Hence, this article analyzes the issue of resource allocation by classifying the various resource allocation schemes in 5G that have been reported in the literature and assessing their ability to enhance service quality. This survey bases its discussion on the metrics that are used to evaluate network performance. After consideration of the current evidence on resource allocation methods in 5G, the review hopes to empower scholars by suggesting future research areas on which to focus.