Marine sponges are evolutionary multicellular organisms that have been reported as the best producers of bioactive compounds, which have antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and cytotoxic properties [1] . The limitations of sponge biomass and ecological problems such as marine environmental damage and sponge extinction are the main factor for isolating the large scale bioactive compounds. Interestingly, a previous research showed that 40-60 % of sponge biomass is symbiotic microorganisms that can produce metabolite compounds similar to those produced by the host. It is hypothesized that symbiotic marine-microorganisms harbored by sponges are the original producers of these bioactive compounds [2] . Previous studies had revealed the antioxidant and anticancer activity of bacterial crude extracts isolated from sponge Jaspis sp. against human cervix HeLa cells and leukemic cell lines [3,4] . In addition, crude extract of Bacillus sp. isolated from sponge Haliclona sp. was also reported to have anticancer activity against MOLT4 cells and its activity is related to NRPS-PKS genes to encode the bioactive compounds [5] .Antioxidant activity plays an important role in cellular physiology as it has the ability to neutralize and prevent free radicals, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its derivatives, from damaging cells. However, an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defence may lead to oxidative stress, which may cause degenerative diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's, cardiovascular, aging and neurological disorders [6] .

Paederia foetida is one of Asia's native plants which is traditionally used for medicinal purposes. The antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of this plant, as well as the identification of its active fractions, have been evaluated in this study. The methanolic extract of dried P. foetida leaves showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis with clear zone diameters of 26 ± 1.4 and 37.6 ± 0.41 mm, respectively, as assessed by the disk diffusion method. Six fractions have been separated using thin-layer chromatography. Of the six fractions tested, two fractions (F5 and F6) possessed antibacterial properties against two tested bacteria. These two fractions have lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration values than those of the crude extract, ranging from 23.43 to 125 µg/ml. More than 50% of M. smegmatis biofilm and 30% of E. coli biofilm formation have been inhibited by the extract and active fractions of this plant. Moreover, two MIC of the extract and fractions were also able to destroy the established biofilm mass of the tested bacteria. As identified using LC-MS/MS, the F5 and F6 fractions have different major components. Linolenic acid, carotenoid, and icosanamide were detected in the F5 fraction. Furthermore, phaeophytin A was detected in the F6 fraction.

Background: The extract of Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O. Kuntze leaves has anti-inflammatory activities and is used as a folk medicine to treat patients with hepatitis and pneumonia in China and Taiwan. The diterpenoid ent-11α-hydroxy-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (11αOH-KA) is the major ingredient in the extract and has wide-spectrum biological activities, such as antitumor and antimelanogenic activities, as well as anti-inflammatory activity. However, the physical and biological properties of this compound as an antioxidant or antiaging agent have not been reported yet. Methods: In addition to in vitro assays, we monitored antioxidative and antiaging signals in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (yeast) and mouse melanoma B16F10 cells. Results: A. lavenia water and chloroform fractions showed antioxidant properties in vitro. The A. lavenia extracts and 11αOH-KA conferred resistance to H2O2 to S. pombe and B16F10 cells and extended the yeast lifespan in a concentration-dependent manner. These materials maintained the yeast mitochondrial activity, even in a high-glucose medium, and induced an antioxidant gene program, the transcriptional factor pap1+ and its downstream ctt1+. Accordingly, 11αOH-KA activated the antioxidative transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2, NRF2, the mammalian ortholog of pap1+, in B16F10 cells, which was accompanied by enhanced hemeoxygenase expression levels. These results suggest that 11αOH-KA and A. lavenia extracts may protect yeast and mammalian cells from oxidative stress and aging. Finally, we hope that these materials could be helpful in treating COVID-19 patients, because A. lavenia extracts and NRF2 activators have been reported to alleviate the symptoms of pneumonia in model animals.

Investigations into the potential for pharmacological inhibition of the aging process and the onset of age-related disease are increasingly garnering attention. Here, we analyzed the antiaging properties of natural compounds derived from several marine bacteria in vitro and in vivo using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra STILL-33 extract exhibited high antioxidant and antiglycation activities in vitro. We then characterized two antioxidant active fractions isolated from this extract. In addition, we showed that the P. flavipulchra STILL-33 extract or either of its two active fractions (Fractions 1 and 2) could extend the longevity of fission yeast. Moreover, the particular extract and two active fractions were found to induce mitochondrial activity and to delay the G1 phase of the fission yeast cell cycle, perhaps by improving the aging process. The P. flavipulchra STILL-33 extract and Fraction 1 also increased the expression of the catalase-encoding ctt1+ gene and thereby decreased the reactive oxygen species level. Structural analysis showed that Fraction 1 was dominated by l-arginine and ipriflavone, and we showed indeed that the two corresponding commercial products increase the fission yeast lifespan. As for Fraction 2 was identified as the putative structure of butamben. Together, these results should facilitate the discovery of additional antiaging compounds from P. flavipulchra and ultimately the development of novel antiaging compounds for pharmaceutical use.

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