Background: Currently, there is a growing concern towards epidemiological and clinical research on functional gastrointestinal disorders. Irritable Bowel Syndrome is defined as a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal discomfort, abdominal pain, and altered bowel movements. It is the most common gastrointestinal disorder. It can be diarrhea-predominant IBS, constipation-predominant IBS, and mixed type IBS. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of IBS among medical students of Allama Iqbal Medical College and to determine conditions and lifestyle habits that may act as significant risk factors for developing IBS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for over 5 months. A sample of 323 individuals was studied whereas the sampled individuals were selected using a "stratified random sampling technique". The study was conducted by collecting data through an online questionnaire during the global COVID pandemic. The questionnaire consisted of three parts. The first section consisted of demographic information, the second section consisted of a standard questionnaire determining the risk factors of IBS i.e., personal food and lifestyle habits, and the last section was aimed at determining whether the person was a case of IBS or not using the widely accepted and used “Rome III Criteria” and determining the predominant pattern of IBS. Results: The frequency of IBS was found to be 15.5%. Analysis of collected data revealed that the predictors for IBS were stress and reduced hours of daily sleep. It was also observed that a positive family history of irritable bowel syndrome predisposed the development of IBS in a person. 30% of subjects with a positive family history of IBS had symptoms suggestive of IBS. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a high incidence of IBS among medical students because they live under higher stress conditions, concerning their academics and professional duty than students and professionals from other educational fields. Keywords: Irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal pain, stress, food consumption.

Introduction: The disease burden of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is increasing every day and adding the burden on our healthcare system. Many patients are being treated by hemodialysis due to a very limited recourses available. Cardiovascular complications such as ischemic heart disease (IHD) are very common in patients who are being treated by hemodialysis and one of the leading causes of death in these patients. Objective: Frequency of IHD in the patients of ESRD. Methodology: Cross-sectional type of study was piloted for duration of three months from April 2019 to June 2019 in Nephrology Department Mayo Hospital Lahore. Eighty one patients were recruited who fulfilled the inclusion criteria i.e. patients suffering end stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis through non-probability, convenient sampling. A standard questionnaire was used to collect the data. All the data was analyzed by using SPSS (software package for statistical analysis) version 20. Results: The study was carried out among 81 patients with diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease on the maintenance hemodialysis. Most patients in study were falling in the range of 21-60 years. The study included 46 (56.8%) males and 35(43.2%) females. The frequency of Ischemic Heart Diseases in these patients was found to be 56.8% (46/81 cases). Conclusion: Both genders are equally affected. The frequency of IHD in patients of end stage renal disease who are on hemodialysis is observed to be high, but not as much high as observed in previous studies. Both genders are affected almost equally. Key Words: Ischemic Heart Disease, End stage renal disease, chronic kidney disease, Hemodialysis

No abstract

No abstract

Objective: To determine the frequency of symptomatic nasal septal deviation in patients with sinusitis. Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study. Setting: Department of Otolaryngology and Plastic Surgery, Jinnah Hospital & Burn Center Lahore. Period: 1st January, 2019 to 31st December, 2019. Material & Methods: A total of 165 cases who fulfill the inclusion criteria were enrolled from ENT & Plastic Surgery OPD of Jinnah Hospital & Burn Center, Lahore. After the informed consent, clinical and CT scan examination was done with 16-slice MDCT scanner in all the cases. The images were retrieved in external hard drives. The nasal septum was evaluated for presence of deviated nasal septum. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS v23.0 and was stratified for age and gender. Chi-square test was applied for post stratification. A p-value ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Among 165 patients there were 109(66.1 percent) males and 56 (33.9%) females. The average mean age was 37.3± 12.3 years.121 (73.3%) patients out of 165 had deviated nasal septum (DNS) associated with sinusitis. Conclusion: Nasal septal deviation is a very common condition in our country and is significantly associated with sinusitis. This study highlights the prevalence of deviated nasal septum and its accompanying symptoms that need to be considered during the clinical and radiological evaluation of patient.