Pertamina and Eni faced double strike problems. The Italian government did not grant the license for building Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) based green finery to Eni-Pertamina as most Indonesian CPO producers do not possess RSPO certificates and the EU restricts the use of CPO. The policies resulted in opportunities loss for Pertamina and Eni in 2019. This qualitative paper examined the logical reasons behind the Italian government decision by two levels of analysis, domestic and regional locus. The finding shows that domestically, political circumstances among parties and figures, other than CPO commodities farmers, played a significant role in the cancellation. The historical instability in Italy domestic political situation also brought it closer to revocation. On another level, the ups and downs of Italy-the EU relations before and during Conte I and Conte II government were a regional reason behind it.

The Saudi Vision 2030 is a Saudi statement of intent to transform the economic structure of Saudi Arabia from oil-based exports to a more skill-based economy. This paper conducted a critical review of the statement, comparing the stated intent of the Saudi authorities with the political situation in the country and region. It was found that given the present power structure, which the government has no intention of changing, the vision is unlikely to be successfully implemented. One of the strongest points in this Vision concerns human development of skills needed in the new order. However, the overt of human right violations within the regime would make realizing the full potentials of its citizens difficult. In particular, the misogynistic policy of denying half its population equal rights would neglect the potential of half of its people. Furthermore, the policies of the state directly contravene the rights and freedoms of people and of other countries in the region as proclaimed in the Vision. This state, then, would be extremely unlikely to fulfil its Vision unless it begins to recognise the basic human rights of all of its citizens. In other words, the Saudi regime would need to adopt less dogmatic policies for the Vision to have any chances of succeeding.

Five Powers Defence Arrangement (FPDA) merupakan aliansi pertahanan yang dilakukan oleh lima negara (Inggris, Australia, Selandia Baru, Singapura, dan Malaysia). Pembentukan FPDA untuk membantu negara persemakmuran Inggris yaitu Malaysia dan Singapura karena kedua negara ini menganggap Indonesia sebagai ancaman. Sebaliknya, Indonesia juga menganggap FPDA sebagaisebuah ancaman karena negara tiga negara anggota FPDA berbatasan langsung dengan Indonesia dan FPDA memiliki kekuatan yang jauh lebih besar dari Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia harus mampu untuk menghadapi ancaman yang mungkin datang dari FPDA, salah satunya dengan melakukan diplomasi pertahanan. Penelitian ini akan membahas bagaimana Indonesia dapat menghadapi ancaman dari FPDA. Pada penelitian ini, metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Selain itu, teknik dalam pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah internet based research. Data-data yang diperoleh akan dikelola sesuai dengan topik penelitian. Dalam hal ini, terdapat dua upaya yang telah dilakukan oleh Indonesia untuk bisa mengimbangi kekuatan FPDA, yaitu meningkatkan diplomasi pertahanan dengan negara anggota FPDA dan membangun kemitraan strategis dengan negara great power (Amerika Serikat, Rusia, dan Cina).

China was the highest rank in energy demand in 2017 and was predicted to be the highest-ranking in Asia in primary energy demand in 2033. One of China's strategies to secure these energy needs is by cooperating with Russia, particularly in the natural gas sector agreed in 2014. This research analyzes the collaboration in terms of energy security. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method with bilateralism cooperation, national interest, energy security concepts, and is limited to 10 years before both parties successfully agree to the cooperation contract. This cooperation successfully because of the terms of availability, China has a safe supply because Russia has the second-largest natural gas reserves in the world, from the accessibility point of view it will be better and reduce shipping risk if China imports natural gas from Russia because it has a direct border. When the delivery of natural gas is realized, it will be able to reduce 46 million tons of carbon emissions, so that in terms of affordability this cooperation in the field of natural gas is very profitable for China and in terms of price, China gets a lower price compared to the European Union.Keywords: Energy, China, Russia, Cooperation, Natural gas Abstrak: Cina menjadi negara dengan permintaan energi tertinggi pada tahun 2017 dan diprediksi menjadi nomor satu di Asia dalam permintaan energi primer pada tahun 2033. Salah satu strategi Cina untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energinya adalah bekerja sama dengan Rusia, khususnya di bidang gas yang disepakati tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menganalisis kerja sama tersebut dari sisi keamanan energi. Metode yang digunakan kualitatif deskriptif dengan konsep kerja sama bilateral, kepentingan nasional dan keamanan energi serta terbatas pada 10 tahun sebelum kontrak kerja sama ini disepakati.Kata sepakat dicapai karena bila ditinjau dari sisi availability, Cina mendapat pasokan yang aman dari Rusia yang memiliki cadangan gas terbesar kedua di dunia.Dari sisi accessibility akan lebih baik dan mengurangi risiko pengiriman apabila Cina mengimpor gas dari Rusia karena berbatasan langsung. Ketika pengiriman gas direalisasikan, maka akan mampu mengurangi 46 juta ton emisi karbon, sehingga dari sisi affordability kerja sama ini sangat menguntungkan Cina. Dari segi harga, Cina memperoleh harga yang murah. Kerja sama bilateral antara Cina dan Rusia memfasilitasi kepentingan nasional Cina di dalam keamanan energi di masa depan.Kata Kunci: Energy, China, Russia, Cooperation, Natural gas