The genus Graphis sensu Staiger was recently divided into two genera, Graphis s. str. and Allographa. The latter contains mostly species with robust lirellae with a well-developed, often massively carbonized excipulum. With one exception, it also contains all species with a pigmented, yellow to orange pruina on the lirellae. Until now, seven species of Allographa were known with this character, all present in the Neotropics and one also in Africa. Here we describe two further species, both from tropical Asia, thus extending the known distribution of Allographa species with pigmented lirellae to the entire tropics. Allographa kamojangensis Jatnika, Noer & Lücking sp. nov. from Indonesia (Java) was recognized as a new taxon on the social media Facebook site Lichens Connecting People. Detailed studies showed that it deviates from the neotropical A. firferi in the much larger ascospores and the orange, K+ immediately purple-violet pigment, and from A. lutea in the completely carbonized excipulum and the larger ascospores. Allographa jayatilakana Weerakoon, Arachchige & Lücking sp. nov. was discovered in the second author's backyard during a recent inventory of Graphidaceae in Sri Lanka. It differs from A. flavominiata in the much shorter ascospores, from A. firferi in the terminally muriform ascospores, and from A. ochracea in the yellow-orange, K+ yellow then slowly purple-violet pruina. A key is presented to all nine species of Allographa with pigmented lirellae.

The properties of the variable domain of heavy-chain (VHH) antibodies are particularly relevant in cancer therapy. To isolate tumor cell-specific VHH antibodies, VHH phage libraries were constructed from multiple tumor cells. After enriching the libraries against particular tumor cell lines, a next-generation sequencer was used to screen the pooled phages of each library for potential antibody candidates. Based on high amplification folds, 50 sequences from each library were used to construct phylogenetic trees. Several clusters with identical CDR3 were observed. Groups X, Y, and Z were assigned as common sequences among the different trees. These identical groups over the trees were considered to be cross-reactive antibodies. To obtain monoclonal antibodies, we assembled 200 sequences (top 50 sequences from each library) and rebuilt a combined molecular phylogenetic tree. Groups were categorized as A–G. For each group, we constructed a phagemid and determined its binding specificity with tumor cells. The phage-binding results were consistent with the phylogenetic tree-generated groups, which indicated particular tumor-specific clusters; identical groups showed cross-reactivity. The strategy used in the current study is effective for screening and isolating monoclonal antibodies. Specific antibodies can be identified, even when the target markers of cancer cells are unknown.