The spread of Islam in the Malay Archipelago (henceforth Nusantara) contributed to the activity of al -Quran translation in Malay civilisation. The society started to learn about Islam and the syariah that encouraged them to be close to al-Quran and translate it into the local language. Al-Quran was translated into Malay language in many ways. This study is a study of text aimed at identifying the translated works of al-Quran in Malay language beginning from the 17th century to the 20th century and to investigate its design and chronology. This qualitative study takes a descriptive approach and inculcates the historical method involving heuristics, critique of sources, interpretation and historiography in data collection and data analysis. The research findings show that 21 al-Quran translations into Malay language have been produced since the 17th century in Nusantara. Most of the al-Quran translated works were approached by interpretive translation rather than literal translation. The design of al-Quran translation into Malay language had developed in line with the times, beginning with classical Malay language using the jawi (Arabic) script, until the modern Malay language using romanised script. The concise translation style was seen to dominate the layout of al-Quran translations into Malay language. The al-Quran translation activity was not without controversy, until it led to several works being banned from publication. The rapid translation activity shows the enthusiastic efforts by society in Nusantara in transferring religious knowledge into guidance for daily life.
Translation studies have increasingly become popular among researchers. However, the strategies of translating iltifāt elements which are known to affect the understanding of a given text have not received much attention. This is due to the perceived complexity and difficulty of translating iltifāt by many scholars. However, its translation strategies do require improvement so as to avoid confusion among target text readers. This study presents a systematic literature analysis on the translation of iltifāt elements with the aims of integrating previous findings and identifying new research areas. This qualitative study applies a document analysis approach and a systematic literature review (SLR). This analysis focuses on the reviewed studies’ backgrounds, issues, methods and findings. The results show that previous studies in general tend to focus on the corpus of the sacral text which is the Quran, particularly on iltifāt ḍamīr (reference switching) and its English translation strategies. The findings also show that the problems arising from previous studies can be resolved by applying efficient translation strategies. Therefore, future research in Arabic-Malay translation that aims to produce equivalent translation strategies in regards to iltifāt ḍamir elements should be emphasized. ABSTRAK Kajian mengenai penterjemahan semakin berkembang dan mendapat tumpuan dalam kalangan para pengkaji. Namun begitu, strategi penterjemahan elemen iltifāt yang memberi kesan kepada makna sesuatu teks kurang diberi perhatian. Hal ini kerana kebanyakan sarjana berpendapat bahawa elemen iltifāt adalah rumit dan sukar untuk diterjemahkan. Walau bagaimanapun, strategi penterjemahannya perlu dimantapkan agar makna elemen iltifāt tidak menimbulkan kekeliruan dalam kalangan pembaca teks sasaran. Kajian ini memfokuskan kepada literatur berkaitan penterjemahan elemen iltifāt dalam kajian terdahulu dan mengintegrasikan penemuan kajian lepas bagi meneroka cadangan isu baharu untuk dikaji. Kajian kualitatif ini menerapkan reka bentuk analisis dokumen dan berpandukan tinjauan literatur sistematik (systematic literature review, SLR) sebagai landasan. Analisis ini memfokuskan kepada latar belakang kajian, permasalahan, metode dan dapatan kajian terdahulu. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa kajian-kajian lepas lebih menumpukan korpus teks kudus iaitu al-Quran yang berkisar tentang elemen iltifāt ḍamīr dan strategi penterjemahannya ke dalam bahasa Inggeris. Dapatan juga menunjukkan bahawa permasalahan yang timbul daripada kajian-kajian lepas dapat diatasi dengan menerapkan strategi penterjemahan tertentu. Oleh yang demikian, kajian penterjemahan Arab-Melayu yang memfokuskan kepada usaha menghasilkan strategi penterjemahan yang sepadan dalam menterjemah elemen iltifāt ḍamīr wajar diketengahkan.
Kajian ini merupakan kajian teks yang memfokuskan kepada penggunaan gaya bahasa ‘aṭf dengan Waw dalam surah al-Rūm. Dalam melakukan analisis ini, lima ayat daripada surah al-Rūm diambil sebagai bahan kajian. Fokus kajian adalah untuk meneliti perkaitan antara elemen ‘aṭf iaitu ma‘ṭūf ‘alayh dan ma‘ṭūf yang terdapat dalam ayat kajian. Dalam melakukan kajian ini, teori Ibn Qayyim (t.t) yang menekankan keperluan mendahului elemen yang perlu didahulukan dan mengkemudiankan elemen yang perlu dikemudiankan diaplikasi. Kajian mendapati perkaitan antara elemen ‘aṭf mengisyaratkan kepada suatu makna tertentu yang menggambarkan keindahan linguistik al-Quran. Keimanan dan melakukan amalan kebaikan yang digandingkan bersama mengisyaratkan kepada kedudukan iman sebagai asas penerimaan sesuatu amalan kebaikan. Perkaitan antara kasih sayang dan kasihan belas mengisyaratkan kepada peringkat yang ditempuhi dalam kehidupan berumah tangga. Manakala perkaitan antara pergerakan awan nipis lalu membentuk awan tebal bergumpal mengisyaratkan kepada i‘jāz saintifik dalam al-Quran yang menyatakan fungsi angin dalam proses pembentukan awan. Abstract This study is a text study that focuses on the use of the speech act of ‘aṭf with waw in surah al-Rūm. In doing this analysis, five verses from surah al-Rūm were taken as the research samples. The focus of this study is to explore the connection between the elements of ma‘ṭūf ‘alayh and ma‘ṭūf contained in the samples. In doing this study Ibn Qayyim (t.t) theory has been applied to emphasize the element that needs to be preceded and delays the element that needs to be delayed. The study found that the connection between the ‘aṭf element indicates a certain meaning that illustrates the linguistic beauty of the Qur’an. Faith and good deeds illustrate position of faith as the basis of acceptance of good deeds. The connection between affection and compassion indicates the phase in the marriage life. The connection between movements of thin cloud and the forming of thick clouds indicates the scientific i‘jāz in the Qur’an which states the function of the wind in the process of cloud formation.
Wacana dalam konteks gramatikal adalah rangkaian kalimat yang serasi, yang menghubungkan proposisi satu dengan proposisi lain, kalimat satu dengan kalimat lain, membentuk satu kesatuan. Istilah yang sering disebut adalah kohesi dan koherensi. Wacana yang baik selalu mengandung didalamnya kohesi dan koherensi. Kohesi merupakan keserasian hubungan unsur-unsur dalam wacana, sedangkan koherensi merupakan kepaduan wacana sehingga membawa ide tertentu yang dipahami oleh khalayak. Kata kohesi dan Koherensi merupakan transilerasi istilah dalam bahasa inggris yaitu cohesion dan coherence. Kedua istilah itu memang baru muncul dan hanya dipakai dalam pembicaraan mengenai analisis wacana. Dalam studi tata bahasa Arab, kedua istilah tersebut belumlah baku dan populer. Namun apabila diarahkan pada usaha analisis kohesi dan koherensi wacana/teks bahasa Arab, maka istilah fashal dan washal dianggap lebih mendekati. Washal adalah mengathafkan satu kalimat kepada kalimat lain dengan wawu, sedangkan Fashal adalah meninggalkan athaf yang demikian. Wajib washal di antara dua kalimat dalam tiga tempat, yaitu bila; 1) Kalimat kedua hendak disertakan kepada kalimat pertama dalam hukum i'rabnya, 2) Kedua kalimat sama-sama kalam khabar atau sama-sama kalam insya' dan bersesuaian maknanya dengan sempurna, 3) Kedua kalimat berbeda khabar dan insya'nya, dan bila di-fashal-kan akan menimbulkan kesalahfahaman yang menyalahi maksud semula. Dua kalimat atau lebih wajib difashalkan apabila dalam keadaan; kamaalul ittishaal, kamaalul inqitha', syibhu kamaalul ittishaal.
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