Hydraulic fracturing is widely accepted technology to unlock unconventional reservoirs and produce the hydrocarbon fluids at feasible rates, but reaching these rates requires an optimal designing of the hydraulic fracturing treatment. This study presents an approach to design an appropriate hydraulic fracture with proper material selection and optimized fracture half-lengths. In this approach, initially, a hydraulic fracture model is selected for fracture design while considering formation stresses and fracture propagation. After that, the proppants and fracturing fluids are selected based on in-situ stresses, hydraulic fracture permeability and conductivity, the sensitivity of formation with water, pressure and temperature conditions of the reservoir. After the selection of the above materials, five hydraulic fractures with fracture half-lengths of 318 ft, 415 ft, 539 ft, 618 ft, and 724 ft are selected based on the amounts of proppants pumped, and their production responses are plotted. After comparing the selected fractures, the optimal fracture treatment is achieved at fracture half-length of 618 ft due to its high fluid recovery, along with the low amount of proppant pumped (127 klbs), which ultimately increases revenue and puts less burden on the economics of the project. The approach used in this study will, therefore, help design future hydraulic fracture treatment with an optimized hydraulic fracture, resulting in high hydrocarbon production rates, and reduce the overall cost by selecting the compatible fracturing fluids and adequate amounts of proppants.

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Aim: To assess the predictive factors related to the development and progression of pulmonary fibrosis in the patients who are COVID-19 infected. Study design: A cross-sectional study Place and Duration: This study was conducted at Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College hospital Sukkur SMBBMU Larkana Pakistan from March 2021 to March 2022 Methodology: This study included patients admitted due to COVID-19 infection. The Presence of SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed by RT-PCR on the samples collected via nasopharyngeal swabs from suspected patients. CT severity score (CSS) was recorded for all the patients admitted, and their chest CT scans were conducted initially. Chest CT scans were performed during 3 and 6 months follow-upsto assess the progression of fibrotic abnormalities. Results: It was observed that out of 173 patients, male patients were 32.9% and 53.62 years was the mean age of patients. After the first CT follow up i.e., 3 months, pulmonary fibrosis was present in 52% of patients. Out of them, 62 patients had undergone a second CT scan, among which 66.1% patients had exhibited no significant signs of fibrotic findings whereas 33.9% patients had exhibited diminished lung fibrosis. Conclusion: In half of the COVID-19 patients, lung fibrosis was present and patients having severe pneumonia were more prone to developing pulmonary fibrosis. Keywords: Pulmonary fibrosis, COVID-19 infection, CT scan

Background: A World Health organization estimated show that almost 10 million people effect from TB and almost 1.5 million people died from this disease in 2018. Pakistan is ranked 5th in overall TB burden and ranked 4th in drug resistance development of developing countries. About 510,000 case of TB arise every year in Pakistan and 15000 patients develop drug resistance each year. Drug resistance cause huge mortality rate. It should confirm by using drug susceptibility test before treating the patient for drug resistance and for cure. Objective: To find out the frequency of rifampicin resistance in primary pulmonary tuberculosis patient by using drug susceptibility test.