Summary Transparent nanoelectrodes based on reduced graphene oxide/tin oxide (RGO/SnO2) composite have been prepared for perovskite solar cells. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by chemical route using modified Hummer's method and SnO2 solution by sol‐gel method separately. The five layers of SnO2 and nanocomposite solution of GO/SnO2 have been deposited on ITO substrate at 3000 rpm for 90 seconds. The prepared samples were heated at 500°C under the flow of argon gas for 1 hour. It was found that GO/SnO2 electrodes have transparency more than 84%, minimum resistance R = 3 MΩ, and voltage drops across thin film V = 0.087 mV. In order to characterize the sample, the X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy has been used for the analysis of face structure and symmetry of SnO2, GO, RGO, and GO/SnO2 nanocomposites. Ultraviolet visible (UV‐visible) spectroscopy provided information about transmission, absorbance, and reduction of band gap due to intermixing of graphene/SnO2 nanocomposites. The FTIR characterization provided information about the attachment of SnO2 on graphene sheets. Four‐point probes have been used to analyze the resistance and voltage drop across each sample. Surface analysis of SnO2 and elemental composition has been done by XPS. These results regarded as a new way to analyze the SnO2/graphene‐based electrodes and suggest their applications for various environmental issues and to overcome energy crisis of the world.

Lepiota sindhudeltana sp. nov. was found on sandy soil under Saccharum bengalense during fungal surveys to the deltas of the Indus River and the banks of the River Ravi, Punjab, Pakistan. The new species belongs to section Ovisporae, subsection Felininae and is characterized by dull orange appressed squamules on the pileus, thin pileal context, pale yellow lamellae, a stipe rounded to slightly oblong at base, basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to oblong, neither dextrinoid nor amyloid, short, clavate erect pileal hyphae, and narrowly clavate terminal hyphae of the stipitipellis. The closest described species to the new taxon in the phylogenetic tree, based on analysis of ITS and LSU sequences, is L. angusticystidiata. We present the new species with illustrated morphological description, phylogeny, and comparison with related or similar species.

Pluteus variabilicolor and Volvopluteus earlei are reported as new records for the Pakistani funga, with the former representing a new record for South Asia and the latter, a second report from Asia. Morphological descriptions are accompanied by colored photographs of basidiomata and microscopic structures. Identity of both species is confirmed by ITS sequence analyses. Comparison with previous descriptions and data on their distributions are briefly discussed.

During our surveys of mushrooms in 2019 and 2020, an interesting species of the genus Lepiota was collected from three different areas of Punjab (Bahawalnagar, Sheikhupura, and Muzaffarghar), Pakistan. These areas vary in their altitude and somewhat climatic conditions, nevertheless, morpho-anatomical comparisons and molecular analyses proved that these collections represented the same taxon, described here as Lepiota brunneogranulosa. This new species is characterized by a pileus with a yellowish-brown central disc, with brown colored granules on a very pale brown background, dextrinoid, ellipsoid basidiospores, frequently bi-sporic basidia, and narrowly clavate cheilocystidia. Because of the hymeniform pileus covering, and the placement in the phylogeny, based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrITS) and Larger Subunit (LSU), it belongs to the Lepiota sect. Lilaceae.

Many basidiomata of the genus Candolleomyces were found on sandy and loamy soil from the Indus Riverbed, Kot Addu District. A phylogenetic study was conducted to examine the occurrence of Candolleomyces sindhudeltae sp. nov. using a combination of ITS and LSU regions. Our morphological, anatomical, and phylogenetic studies indicated the novelty of Candolleomyces sindhudeltae sp. nov. The distinguishing features of C. sindhudeltae are convex to campanulate and areolate pileus with scalloped to cracked cap margins, branched, and pale reddish lamellae, greenish-brown ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores, polymorphic cheilo, and caulocystidia. The novel taxa formed independent phylogenetic relationships within the genus Candolleomyces. The addition of our new species to the genus Candolleomyces makes us confident that the genus was separated from Psathyrella accurately.