In Pakistan insurance markets regarding livestock insurance are not working efficiently as compare to other countries. Major concern is lack of awareness in livestock farmers (LFs) which been not adopted correctly in Pakistan from last 30 years. Through livestock's farming; many risks that can reduce the productivity of LFs; like diseases, natural disasters, theft risks, climatic conditions and peril hazards. The main ambition of this study was to study the socioeconomic characteristics of LFs as well as to check their level of willingness to pay (WTP) for livestock insurance in district Faisalabad. To achieve the objectives of this study, primary data were collected from livestock farmers through a well-designed questionnaire. Data were collected from 300 livestock farmers (insured & non-insured equally) through convenient sampling from districts (7) Faisalabad in the months of January to March 2018. Contingent valuation method was employed for WTP and dichotomous (YES/NO) and premium level was used to assess the WTP. Mostly insured farmers were approached through insured companies and banks. Three insurance companies were working in Faisalabad right now; namely, Jubilee General Insurance Company Limited, Adamjee Insurance Company Limited and United Insurance Company Limited. For descriptive analysis and econometrics analysis, MS-Excel and SPSS software were used respectively. Majority of the livestock farmers had cows and buffalos. Binary logistic regression model was used for the estimation of WTP of the LFs. The results of the study showed; majority of the LFs were matured in the age and having low level of education and were satisfied regarding income level. The results indicated that; age, education and land holding were significant determinants of WTP. On the basis of results; valuable policies were suggested. Awareness regarding livestock insurance by livestock management authorities and government through electronic media and other sources are much important for the livestock farmers to increase their productivity.

PurposeThe basic purpose of this paper was to check the perceived impact of socio-economic on the fertility rate (FR) in Pakistan. It also explored the factors which play an important role on FR of urban and rural resident women.Design/methodology/approachA few studies were carried out this particular issue in Pakistan but this issue was not mentioned in such a way as the current study highlights. Data were collected through questionnaires from rural and urban areas. The main variables were chosen for this purpose were the income of the households, their education level and the mortality rate. FR is measured in terms of number of children which are above 5 years of age and married couple has stopped the further fertility intentions; Monthly income of the families were taken and the education was in the years of schooling. The ordinary least square (OLS) model was used for the estimation.FindingsThe results of this study showed that, in urban areas this association is very strong while in rural areas this is relatively weak due to sharp differences in income brackets. Families with high level of income tend to have few children. Female education is also negatively correlated with FR. Higher level of female education has negative effect on FR. Mortality rate has significant positive association with FR. Higher mortality rate compel families to have more birth as probability of living is low. There is inverse association between income and FR.Research limitations/implicationsThe best way to determine how birth rates are changing is not the crude birth rate (CBR) but the total fertility rate (TFR). This measure provides an age-controlled estimation of “how many kids a woman beginning her childbearing years now would have over her whole life if current birth rates remain stable”.Originality/valueMortality rate has significant positive association with FR. Higher mortality rate compel families to have more birth as probability of living is low. There is inverse association between income and FR.

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This study analyzed economic value of solid waste for informal garbage collectors. It also evaluatescommunity’s perception for better environment. Although waste management and environmental sustainability is aworldwide problem, but Faisalabad’s residents also face problems regarding solid waste, environment, clean water andclean air. The main objectives of this paper, which has been explored; to study the socio-economic characteristics of therespondents, to evaluates the resident’s perception regarding better environment and also estimate the income level ofgarbage collectors and significant determinants of income which they generate through waste collection. Data werecollected from 125 households and 125 informal garbage collectors from different parts of (7 districts) Faisalabad in themonth of January and February 2019 through well-developed questionnaire. The results of the socio-economiccharacteristics of the respondents were drawn through SPSS and adult males, females having low level of educationwere in the majority in waste collectors. Five categories (Waste collectors, (W. Cs), call on scavengers (CSs), transferpoint pickers (TPPs), Street pickers (SPs) and dumpsite pickers (DPs) were studied. They were generating reasonableincome; most of them were generating income above 20,000 rupees per month by working on average 7 to 8 hours perday. The garbage was being collected from streets, households, institutions, factories, hospitals and markets throughdifferent instruments and sold to middle man or factories. Garbage collectors face many social problems like sexualharassment for female garbage collectors and chances of occurrence of diseases during their work much likely tohappen. Informal garbage collectors were uneducated as compared to residents who give their perception regardingenvironment. Majority of the residents blamed themselves for poor management of solid waste which leads to low levelof environmental sustainability. Lack of awareness of the residents was the critical factor for better environment. In thesecond part; Ordinary least square (OLS) method was used to check the impact of different factors affecting theirincome level. Working hours has significant impact on income level except others (gender, age and equipment ofcollection). The policy makers should increase the awareness among masses regarding the improvement ofenvironment by better management. There should also be awareness program for garbage collectors regarding healthhazards by involving NGOs and others volunteers.