Cytoskeleton morphology plays a key role in regulating cell mechanics. Particularly, cellular mechanical properties are directly regulated by the highly cross-linked and dynamic cytoskeletal structure of F-actin and microtubules presented in the cytoplasm. Although great efforts have been devoted to investigating the qualitative relation between the cellular cytoskeleton state and cell mechanical properties, comprehensive quantification results of how the states of F-actin and microtubules affect mechanical behavior are still lacking. In this study, the effect of both F-actin and microtubules morphology on cellular mechanical properties was quantified using atomic force microscope indentation experiments together with the proposed image recognition-based cytoskeleton quantification approach. Young’s modulus and diffusion coefficient of NIH/3T3 cells with different cytoskeleton states were quantified at different length scales. It was found that the living NIH/3T3 cells sense and adapt to the F-actin and microtubules states: both the cellular elasticity and poroelasticity are closely correlated to the depolymerization degree of F-actin and microtubules at all measured indentation depths. Moreover, the significance of the quantitative effects of F-actin and microtubules in affecting cellular mechanical behavior is depth-dependent.