Introduction: Obesity has increased in developed countries and is also increasing in the developing countries involving all ages including children. Studies undertaken in metropolitan cities of Pakistan had revealed an increased incidence of obesity in school children. This study was undertaken to know about prevalence of obesity in school children of Sialkot city by measuring body mass index (BMI), an indicator of obesity. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional. Period: From November 2017 to January 2018. Setting: Two private schools were selected in Sialkot city. One school belonged to lower middle socio economic status (LMSE). Methodology: Students of classes 6 to 8, one from lower middle socioeconomic status (LMSE) school and other from higher socioeconomic status (HSE) school were included. Consent was taken, data was collected by questionnaire. Height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated and interpreted according to World Health Organization (WHO) sex specific BMI for age percentile charts. Results: 520 students were included in the study. 15.2% were obese, 22.1% were overweight, 5.2% were thin, 2.9% were severely thin and 54.6% were normal. 18.5% of students were obese in HSE School compared to 10.6% in LMSE School. 16.9% (n 52/307) of males and 12.7% (n 27/213) females were obese. Significant association of obesity was found with decreased exercise, increased screen time and consuming energy dense junk foods. Conclusion: Obesity and overweight are markedly high in Sialkot as compared to other studies in Pakistan. Stress should be given on prevention by education of students and parents. Healthy dietary habits and healthy living style should be promoted.

Background: Supracondylar fractures of humerus are one of the largest sources of serious problems and treatment controversy in childhood fractures. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods of treating supracondylar fractures of humerus in children are still evolving and need to be investigated. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of two techniques of treating Gartland type III supracondylar fractures of humerus in children Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out at Orthopedic Unit, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore from 22nd August 2007 to 31st May 2008. Sixty patients selected by non-probability sampling with Gartland type III supracondylar fracture of humerus were divided in Group A and B with 30 patient in each group. After stabilizing patients, group A was managed with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning and group B with open reduction and internal fixation. Patients were discharged when stable and followed clinically and radiologically for effectiveness of reduction and union of fracture at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Results: There were 78.3% males and 21.7% were females. Majority of patients (36.7%) were between 5-7 years of age. Right humerus was fractured in 63.3% of patients. Most common mode of injury (40%) was fall during play. Eighty percent of children were presented in 1st 24 hour of injury. Sixty percent of children in group A had a hospital stay of 2 days and in group B, 60% had hospital stay of 4-5 days. In group A, 16.6% patients developed postoperation complication and in group B, 46.7% developed complications. Functional outcome was excellent in 73.7% in group A and 60% in group B. Radiologically, callus formation was relatively poor to start in group B. Conclusion: Closed reduction & pining under image intensifier is as good as open reduction and internal fixation for these fractures in children with early callus formation.

Anaemia is common reason of morbidity and mortality in children especially inthird world countries. 300 million children had anaemia globally in 2011. Nutritional IDA (irondeficiency anemia) is a most common anaemia especially in children as well as women.1Severe anaemia was present in 5.4% of anaemic children (62.1%) in national nutritional survey2011.1 Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is also a most common cause of childhood anaemia inPakistan. Factors causing anaemia are multiple including poverty, illiteracy and poor dietaryhabits. Objective: To know about the awareness of severe anaemia in children by their parentsand effect of various risk factors causing severe anaemia. Study Design: Prospective crosssectional study. Setting: Paediatric OPD Islam Teaching Hospital, Sialkot. Period: Jan 2016 toJune 2017. Methods: Children who came to paediatric OPD of Islam Teaching Hospital, havingpallor were investigated for level of haemoglobin (Hb). Those included in this study were havingHb% < 7 gm/dl and parents were interviewed according to a questionnaire. Results: Only23% of parents were aware of anaemia in their children. Inadequate or no weaning was seen in95% of patients. 26% of children were underweight, had weight for age (WAZ) score less than-2 according to WHO standards. 83% of mothers were educated up to matric. All the childrenhad markedly low mean corpuscular volume (MCV). 72% of children were 24 months old orbelow. 80% of children were taking cows/buffalos milk. Conclusion: Age less than 24 months,poor socioeconomic status, lower education qualification of mother, poor weaning habits wereassociated with increased chances of severe anaemia and parents had poor awareness ofpallor/anaemia in children.

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Anaemia is common reason of morbidity and mortality in children especially in third world countries. 300 million children had anaemia globally in 2011. Nutritional IDA (iron deficiency anemia) is a most common anaemia especially in children as well as women. 1 Severe anaemia was present in 5.4% of anaemic children (62.1%) in national nutritional survey 2011. 1 Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is also a most common cause of childhood anaemia in Pakistan. Factors causing anaemia are multiple including poverty, illiteracy and poor dietary habits. Objective: To know about the awareness of severe anaemia in children by their parents and effect of various risk factors causing severe anaemia. Study Design: Prospective cross sectional study. Setting: Paediatric OPD Islam Teaching Hospital, Sialkot. Period: Jan 2016 to June 2017. Methods: Children who came to paediatric OPD of Islam Teaching Hospital, having pallor were investigated for level of haemoglobin (Hb). Those included in this study were having Hb% < 7 gm/dl and parents were interviewed according to a questionnaire. Results: Only 23% of parents were aware of anaemia in their children. Inadequate or no weaning was seen in 95% of patients. 26% of children were underweight, had weight for age (WAZ) score less than-2 according to WHO standards. 83% of mothers were educated up to matric. All the children had markedly low mean corpuscular volume (MCV). 72% of children were 24 months old or below. 80% of children were taking cows/buffalos milk. Conclusion: Age less than 24 months, poor socioeconomic status, lower education qualification of mother, poor weaning habits were associated with increased chances of severe anaemia and parents had poor awareness of pallor/anaemia in children.