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Mangrove forests are important carbon sinks, and this is especially true for Indonesia where about 24% of the world's mangroves exist. Unfortunately, vast expanses of these mangroves have been deforested, degraded or converted to other uses resulting in significant greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this study was to quantify the climate change mitigation potential of mangrove conservation and restoration in Indonesia. We calculated the emission factors from the dominant land uses in mangroves, determined mangrove deforestation rates and quantified the total emissions and the potential emission reductions that could be achieved from mangrove conservation and restoration. Based on our analysis of the carbon stocks and emissions fromThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Mangroves are critical ecosystems given their key role in conserving biodiversity, protecting coastlines from erosion and supporting coastal resources. They may be impacted by oil and gas activities, either directly or indirectly. Restoring them is therefore of prime importance. In the Mahakam Delta (East Kalimantan, Indonesia), oil and gas exploration and production have been conducted for more than 40 years. This industry has operated in a quasi-pristine area barely affected by human activities until the mid 80's. Toward the late 1980's and until 2000, the delta was subject to massive and rapid development of shrimp farming and by 2001, 85% of the delta mangroves were destroyed and most of it replaced by ponds used for aquaculture. By the end of 1990's, shrimp farm productivity in the delta decreased due to a lack of nutrients in ponds and the occurrence of shrimp diseases. Numerous ponds were abandoned in the delta. This economic situation generated social instabilities that could threaten the oil and gas industry in the region. Therefore, in order to better protect mangroves and optimize restoration of damaged areas, Total E&P Indonesie embarked on a mangrove restoration initiative of the Mahakam Delta aimed at understanding and contributing to the restoration processes through both natural recolonization and planting techniques. The general methodology implemented has been to i) describe the land cover using satellite imagery, interpreting aerial photos, conducting field work, and establishing GIS maps, ii) inventory the fauna and flora (including mangroves, birds, mammals, reptiles), iii) monitoring the naturally re-colonized areas, replanted areas and original forest in selected areas. Results show that natural recolonization of a mangrove area can be very quick under certain conditions (subject to availability of seeds and easy access of seeds to the area to be recolonized). But in areas where seeds cannot easily move, or where seed supply is scarce, replanting remains the best option. Social aspects have also to be taken into account given that replanting can promote the local commitment to sustainable environmental conservation.

Background: Body mass index (BMI) has been used to determine the nutritional status which is classified into low, normal, overweight or obese. The BMI only shows a comparison of height and weight instead of body composition which consists of fat mass and fat-free mass. Most of people assumed that BMI overage means fat mass overage as well, yet it does not occur in all cases. This study was conducted to measure the correlation between BMI and body fat percentage. Methods: An analytical study was conducted to 100 male and female students respectively from Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor batch 2009 to 2013. The body weight was measured using scales , whereas the body height was measured using stature meter. The body fat percentage was measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). The BMI was calculated by dividing the body weight in kilogram divided by body height in meter square. Data was collected from September to October 2013 and analyzed by Pearson's correlation test. Results: The mean of BMI in male students and female students were 22.56 and 21.35 respectively. The body fat percentage was 16.44 for men and 28.09 for women. Correlation score between BMI and fat mass in male students were 0.853 and female students are 0.834. Conclusions: There is a strong and positive correlation between BMI and body fat percentage both in male and female students in Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor. Among this population, BMI can still be used to determine body fat percentage. [AMJ.2015;2(4):575-8]

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